Showing papers in "Journal of Clinical Psychology in 1998"
TL;DR: The SHI performed at least as well as another self-report measure of BPD in diagnosing participants and the results are discussed with regard to potential advantages and utility of the SHI and need for further validation.
Abstract: Intentional self-harm behavior is an important clinical phenomenon that appears highly related to borderline personality disorder (BPD). Self-harm behavior in the context of borderline personality probably exists along a continuum from graphic, self-harm behavior to milder forms of self-sabotaging behavior that might be viewed as self-defeating Relatively little attention has been paid to developing a self-report measure of intentional self-harm, particularly as a screening device for detecting BPD. In Study 1, an initial list of self-harm behaviors encountered in clinical practice was narrowed to those behaviors related to BPD in a sample comprised of adults from both a mental health and non-mental health setting. All participants (N = 221) underwent a semistructured diagnostic interview for BPD. Using a cut-off score of 5 on the resulting 22-item Self-Harm Inventory (SHI), 83.7% of research participants were correctly classified as having BPD or not. In Study 2, women (N = 285) sampled from an outpatient medical setting completed the SHI and a widely used self-report measure of BPD. The SHI cut-off score resulted in correct classification of 87.9% of the individuals. In Study 3, using a sample of adults involuntarily hospitalized for psychiatric reasons (N = 32), the SHI performed at least as well as another self-report measure of BPD in diagnosing participants (the final diagnosis was based on a semistructured interview). The results are discussed with regard to potential advantages and utility of the SHI and need for further validation.
360 citations
TL;DR: The analysis indicates that, in a nonclinical sample, the TMT measures a number of different functions and the observation of impaired performance must be further investigated to ascertain the specific nature of these deficits in order to guide rehabilitation and management planning.
Abstract: Ninety-eight undergraduate students were subjected to the TMT as well as a series of derived measures from the TMT with a view to ascertaining the nature of the contribution of each to the performance. Performance on the TMT(A) was uniquely contributed to by visual search and motor speed measures, whereas the performance on TMT(B) was uniquely contributed to by the visual search and cognitive alternation measures. After controlling for the effects of TMT(A) on TMT(B), further variance in the score on TMT(B) was contributed to, in order of effect, by lowered reading level, poor skill in visual search, poor ability to mentally maintain two simultaneous sequences, as well as decrease in attention and working memory functions. The analysis indicates that, in a nonclinical sample, the TMT measures a number of different functions and the observation of impaired performance must be further investigated to ascertain the specific nature of these deficits in order to guide rehabilitation and management planning.
340 citations
TL;DR: Separate hierarchical regression analyses indicated that hope was an important predictor of both academic and interpersonal life satisfaction independent of coping activities.
Abstract: The influence of high versus low hope on problem-solving ability and on coping with stressful academic and interpersonal situations was examined in 211 college students. Consistent with Snyder's (1995) model, high-hope students were found to have greater problem-solving abilities than low-hope students. High-hope students were also found to employ less disengagement strategies than low-hope students for coping with stressful academic situations. No difference was found in the strategies used by high- and low-hope students for coping with stressful interpersonal situations. Separate hierarchical regression analyses indicated that hope was an important predictor of both academic and interpersonal life satisfaction independent of coping activities. Implications of the present findings for both theory and practice are discussed.
296 citations
TL;DR: The authors identified some of the signs of ineffective religious involvement in coping and identified three broad types of religious warning signs and 11 subscales were developed, which were administered to a group of Roman Catholic church members and two groups of college undergraduates who had experienced different types of negative life events.
Abstract: This study attempts to identify some of the signs of ineffective religious involvement in coping. Drawing from a process/integration model of efficacious coping, three broad types of religious warning signs were defined and 11 subscales were developed. These subscales were administered to a group of Roman Catholic church members and two groups of college undergraduates who had experienced different types of negative life events in the past two years. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between these subscales and measures of general mental health and event specific outcome. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are considered.
275 citations
TL;DR: Support was found for a prediction model of suicidal risk that includes problem-solving deficits and hopelessness, with partial support being found for including depression in the model as well.
Abstract: The Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised was used to examine the relations between problem-solving abilities and hopelessness, depression, and suicidal risk in three different samples: undergraduate college students, general psychiatric inpatients, and suicidal psychiatric inpatients. A similar pattern of results was found in both college students and psychiatric patients: a negative problem orientation was most highly correlated with all three criterion variables, followed by either a positive problem orientation or an avoidance problem-solving style. Rational problem-solving skills emerged as an important predictor variable in the suicidal psychiatric sample. Support was found for a prediction model of suicidal risk that includes problem-solving deficits and hopelessness, with partial support being found for including depression in the model as well.
265 citations
TL;DR: Either scale could be used for a brief assessment of overall symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and hostility, and it is suggested that the subscales should be compared to other criteria to measure their convergent validity.
Abstract: General psychopathology rating scales have multiple uses and have been used extensively These rating scales may be found in several forms including an interview procedure and self-report The advantages of self-report measures, as well as their possible deficits, were discussed Because there are so many varying kinds of rating scales, criteria were set forth as to how to evaluate scales An interview with a rating scale, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and a self-report measure, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), were compared in this study The BPRS has been widely used and has been evaluated as one of the very best rating scales However, experienced raters and more time are needed to administer the BPRS The BSI is highly evaluated as one of the best brief self-report measures and requires much less professional time Both instruments have high reliability and validity Correlations of the BPRS total score with the total scores on the BSI were significant, as were correlations of the depression, anxiety, and hostility subscales on each instrument Therefore, either scale could be used for a brief assessment of overall symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and hostility However, it is suggested that the subscales should be compared to other criteria to measure their convergent validity
158 citations
TL;DR: Ability of the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) to distinguish between referred children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other clinical diagnoses were studied and makes a unique and important contribution to diagnostic evaluations.
Abstract: Ability of the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) to distinguish between referred children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other (OTHER) clinical diagnoses were studied. The ADHD group differed from the OTHER group on TOVA variables and most measures from the Revised Conners Teacher Rating Scale (RCTRS) and ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher's Rating Scale (ACTeRS). The criteria of any one TOVA variable > 1.5 standard deviations from age and sex adjusted means correctly identified 80% of the sample with attention deficit disorders and 72% of the sample without attention deficit disorder. Cases misclassified by teacher ratings were often correctly classified by the TOVA and conversely. The TOVA makes a unique and important contribution to diagnostic evaluations.
151 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the RFL-A is a short, reliable, and valid measure that is potentially useful in the assessment of adolescent suicidal behavior.
Abstract: The role of adaptive beliefs and attitudes against suicide has not been given adequate attention in the clinical or assessment literature. This article reports on the development and initial psychometric properties of a 32-item self-report inventory, the Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (RFL-A). In Phase 1, we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to identify five correlated factors: Future Optimism, Suicide-Related Concerns, Family Alliance, Peer Acceptance and Support, and Self-Acceptance. In Phase 2, we cross-validated the 5-factor oblique model in a different group of adolescents recruited from two high schools. In addition, we examined evidence for convergent, discriminant, and construct validities. The coefficient alpha indices for the RFL-A total and scales were satisfactory. In Phase 3, we evaluated additional evidence of reliability and validity using samples of high school and psychiatric inpatient adolescents. The results suggest that the RFL-A is a short, reliable, and valid measure that is potentially useful in the assessment of adolescent suicidal behavior.
151 citations
TL;DR: In brief, social desirability plays a critical role in affecting responses in a clinical self-report inventory and the factors involved and suggestions proposed will be of value for further research.
Abstract: This study assesses how social desirability affects responses in clinical self-report inventories. Six hundred items gathered from four normal per- sonality questionnaires were adapted to devise a pre-experimental person- ality questionnaire (pre-EMHQ). Results obtained from administering Ko's Mental Health Questionnaire (KMHQ) and the pre-EMHQ to separate sam- ples were the proportion of individuals answering "true" to each item (i.e., P(t)) and the social desirability scale value (i.e., SDSV) of each item. The Experimental Mental Health Questionnaire (EMHQ) was established from the pre-EMHQ by closely matching the P(t)s and the SDSVs of the two questionnaires. Administering the KMHQ and the EMHQ concurrently to another sample provided results for factor analysis and other statistical analyses. The SDSVs and the P(t)s for each of the KMHQ items certainly displayed a linearly increasing relation. The two sets of corresponding subscales also correlated significantly. By applying the polynomial regres- sion analysis, the tendency to score might be expressed as a quadratic function of SDSVs. Two iterative principal-factor analyses of the two sets of subscales each resulted in two factors, and Factor 1 is similar in both the KMHQ and the EMHQ. In brief, social desirability plays a critical role in affecting responses in a clinical self-report inventory. The factors involved and suggestions proposed will be of value for further research. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 517-528, 1998.
132 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated that lower body esteem scores were linked with lower levels of self-esteem but with higher levels of obsessive-compulsive tendencies, depressive tendencies, and somatization tendencies.
Abstract: The present study investigated the relationship of depression, self-esteem, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to the incidence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Female (n=83) and male (n=25) undergraduates completed measures of body esteem, self-esteem, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and somatization. Subjects were also screened for eating disorders utilizing the DSM-IV criteria for such in an effort to control for anorexia and bulimia. Upon excluding those subjects who met the criteria for eating disorders, the final sample included 78 females and 24 males. The results indicated that lower body esteem scores were linked with lower levels of self-esteem but with higher levels of obsessive-compulsive tendencies, depressive tendencies, and somatization tendencies. The findings are discussed with regard to the need for more accurate measures of body dysmorphic disorder, as well as etiology and future treatment implications.
118 citations
TL;DR: Coping resources in the forms of perceived confidence, physical health, physical fitness, problem solving, self-directedness, and tension control were useful in predicting abstinence maintenance.
Abstract: A follow-up study of 263 volunteers who had completed a national smoking cessation program was conducted to measure the relative contribution of stress coping resources, smoking history, loci, for health control, and certain demographic factors to the maintenance of smoking cessation. Stress coping resources and smoking history variables proved to be more predictive of the maintenance of abstinence than either perceived locus of control or demographic variables. Coping resources in the forms of perceived confidence, physical health, physical fitness, problem solving, self-directedness, and tension control were useful in predicting abstinence maintenance. Contrary to some earlier studies, no gender differences in relapse rates were found, and smoking a greater number of cigarettes daily and smoking cigarettes with a higher tar content were related to greater success in maintaining smoking abstinence. As was found in previous studies, the presence of other smokers in the household contributed to relapse.
TL;DR: Two studies aimed at validating the 25-item self-report McGreal and Joseph (1993) Depression-Happiness Scale (D-H S) confirm the unidimensionality of the scale and the feasibility of a statistically bipolar measure.
Abstract: This article reports two studies aimed at validating the 25-item self-report McGreal and Joseph (1993) Depression-Happiness Scale (D-H S). In the first study, principal component data are reported on the D-H S with 194 respondents. A forced 1-factor solution confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale (item loadings ranged from .38 to .77) and thus the feasibility of a statistically bipolar measure. In the second study, data on the convergent validity of the D-H S with the Beck Depression Inventory (r=-.75) and the Oxford Happiness Inventory (r=.59) with 100 respondents are reported confirming the construct validity of the scale. Implications for research in social and clinical psychology are discussed along with the possible uses of the D-H S in a clinical setting.
TL;DR: A review of the existing literature regarding diversity issues and ADHD was conducted, including a review of international findings, and implications for clinicians and researchers are incorporated.
Abstract: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a debilitating disorder which affects children and adults in this country and around the world. Diversity variables such as ethnicity, age, gender, and socioeconomic status have been relatively neglected in ADHD research. Additionally, these variables have not traditionally been incorporated into clinical assessment, diagnosis, or intervention strategies. A review of the existing literature regarding diversity issues and ADHD was conducted, including a review of international findings. Implications for clinicians and researchers are incorporated.
TL;DR: Results indicated that clients with Borderline Personality Disorder are perceived as significantly more dominant and hostile, whereas clients with Major Depression were considered significantly more submissive, friendly, and salient and it was found that as clinicians' years of experience increased, degree of countertransference decreased.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine psychotherapists' differential countertransference reactions toward either clients diagnosed with either Major Depression or Borderline Personality Disorder. Specifically, psychotherapists' personal perceptions and emotional reactions to these clients were assessed utilizing the Impact Message Inventory and the Stress Appraisal Scale (N = 155). Direct feelings, action tendencies, cognitive attributions, and perceived anxiety were evaluated. Results indicated that clients with Borderline Personality Disorder are perceived as significantly more dominant and hostile, whereas clients with Major Depression were considered significantly more submissive, friendly, and salient. In addition, it was found that as clinicians' years of experience increased, degree of countertransference decreased. These results suggest that countertransference reactions can be measured empirically, that differential countertransference reactions are evoked toward clients manifesting different symptoms, and that awareness of countertransference may be important for positive therapeutic outcome.
TL;DR: The consistency of characteristics across countries suggests that women who kill their children are nonaddicted, married, low-income, mentally ill, new or recent mothers under 30 who, acting alone and without weapons, kill only one of their children, likely of preschool age.
Abstract: The present study is a review of 20 adult women charged with murdering their children who were referred to a forensic psychiatric hospital for pretrial evaluation. This study compares the demographic, historical, clinical, forensic, and offense characteristics of these women and their victims to samples of multinational, British, and Canadian filicidal women. The data depict a subset of women who suffered from a diagnosable mental disorder and were contending with many acute stressors in their lives with apparently insufficient personal resources or systemic support. The consistency of characteristics across countries suggests that women who kill their children are nonaddicted, married, low-income, mentally ill, new or recent mothers under 30 who, acting alone and without weapons, kill only one of their children, likely of preschool age.
TL;DR: One hundred and seventy university students completed four gambling attitude scales constructed to measure general attitudes and attitudes toward gambling in casinos, betting on horse races, and playing the lottery, showing results to be internally consistent and to have short-term temporal stability.
Abstract: Social scientists recognize gambling as a universal phenomenon that occurs in a myriad of forms. Although gambling is often a harmless social activity, some participants become pathological gamblers. Given the negative consequences associated with pathological gambling, it is important to understand attitudes toward gambling because they typically represent a readiness to act. One hundred and seventy university students completed four gambling attitude scales constructed to measure general attitudes and attitudes toward gambling in casinos, betting on horse races, and playing the lottery. Results showed the scales to be internally consistent and to have short-term temporal stability. The most positive attitudes were shown toward playing the lottery and the least positive were shown toward betting on horse races. In general, men reported more positive attitudes than women. Positive attitudes toward gambling were related to a tendency toward risk taking. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 763–771, 1998.
TL;DR: In order to categorize the items of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale so as to allow the construction of subscales, the Japanese version of the SDS was administered to a total of 2,258 undergraduates.
Abstract: In order to categorize the items of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) so as to allow the construction of subscales, the Japanese version of the SDS was administered to a total of 2,258 undergraduates. Principal–component analyses of the SDS extracted three factors interpretable as cognitive, affective, and somatic symptoms. The SDS was then administered to 597 undergraduates in order to cross-validate the factor structures. The coefficient of congruence and the goodness-of-fitness index generated by a confirmatory factor analysis showed good cross-validity of the factor structures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 477–487, 1998.
TL;DR: It is concluded that evaluating a suicidal person's internal reasons for attempting suicide has unique assessment value.
Abstract: This research examines the importance of assessing motivations that crisis patients attribute for considering a suicide attempt. For 251 consecutive patients attending a crisis unit, suicide attempters and ideators indicated agreement with each of 14 reasons for attempting suicide. Principal components analysis of these agreement ratings yielded two factor scales of motives: Extrapunitive/Manipulative Reasons and Internal Perturbations. Scores for internal perturbations correlated significantly with patients' wishes to die, clinicians' ratings of patients' suicidal desire and preparation for suicide, and clinicians' overall evaluation of patients' suicidal risk. Associations between internal perturbations and these suicide measures were nonredundant with hopelessness. It is concluded that evaluating a suicidal person's internal reasons for attempting suicide has unique assessment value. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 569–576, 1998.
TL;DR: This study adds empirical support to the heterogeneity noted among CD adolescents (PCL-R), supports the utility of the Rorschach for detecting individual differences among CD subjects, and extends the empirical work of Gacono and Meloy (1994) to adolescent psychopathy.
Abstract: Forty-eight male subjects who met the DSM-IV (APA, 1994) criteria for conduct disorder (CD) were assessed for psychopathy level using a modified version of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Forth, Hart, & Hare, 1990). Rorschach variables associated with self-perception, affects, and object relations, early behavioral problems and history of violence were compared between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic CD adolescents. Psychopathic CD subjects were significantly more self-centered and violent than nonpsychopathic CD subjects. Decreased attachment and anxiety were found in both CD groups. Our study adds empirical support to the heterogeneity noted among CD adolescents (PCL-R), supports the utility of the Rorschach for detecting individual differences among CD subjects, and extends the empirical work of Gacono and Meloy (1994) to adolescent psychopathy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 53: 289–300, 1997.
TL;DR: The data suggest that chronic schizophrenia patients are characterized by more severe memory impairment than are nonchronic schizophrenia patients, and visual memory disturbance in chronic schizophrenia is not solely a function of encoding difficulties.
Abstract: To assess visual memory disturbance in different forms of schizophrenia, we compared Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCF) performance in acutely psychotic, chronically psychotic, and outpatient schizophrenia patients and in a control group of acutely psychotic patients with disorders other than schizophrenia. There were no group differences on the copy condition of the RCF. The chronic schizophrenia group utilized more abnormal copying strategies, however, than the outpatient or nonschizophrenia groups. Moreover, the chronic schizophrenia group demonstrated significantly poorer recall than the outpatient or nonschizophrenia groups, and a trend toward poorer performance than the acute schizophrenia group. Both groups of inpatient schizophrenia patients were characterized by a lack of relationship between copying strategies and recall accuracy. These data suggest that (a) chronic schizophrenia patients are characterized by more severe memory impairment than are nonchronic schizophrenia patients, and (b) visual memory disturbance in chronic schizophrenia is not solely a function of encoding difficulties.
TL;DR: Results indicated that the panic disorder group had significantly higher scores on negative religious conflict than either those in therapy or those who were asymptomatic.
Abstract: It was hypothesized that catastrophic thinking that focused on negative religious conflict, would be associated with symptoms of panic disorder. Sixty women were classified into three groups: those with panic disorder, those in psychotherapy for issues other than panic disorder, and those who were asymptomatic. Religious conflict was measured with the Survey of Attitudes Towards Religion and Philosophy of Life. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Rational Behavior Inventory, and the Illness Attitude Scale were used to validate group membership. Results indicated that the panic disorder group had significantly higher scores on negative religious conflict than either those in therapy or those who were asymptomatic.
TL;DR: Results of analysis of variances for both measures of psychological distress indicated a significant main effect for pessimism only, which has implications for Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy.
Abstract: The present study compared the effects of irrational beliefs measured by the Survey of Personal Beliefs (SPB) and optimism and pessimism as measured by the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) on depressive and anxious symptoms 6 weeks later. Results of analysis of variances for both measures of psychological distress indicated a significant main effect for pessimism only. Implications for Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy are discussed.
TL;DR: Illness-specific patterns of adjustment and cognitive adaptational process were identified in children with cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease and significant portions of the variance in adjustment were accounted for by stress appraisal, expectations of efficacy and health locus of control.
Abstract: Illness-specific patterns of adjustment and cognitive adaptational process were identified in children (7-12 years of age) with cystic fibrosis (CF, n = 40) or sickle cell disease (SCD, n = 40). Anxiety diagnoses were most frequent for both illness subgroups but children with CF had a higher rate of oppositional disorder (27.5%) than did children with SCD (2.5%). Significant portions of the variance in adjustment were accounted for by stress appraisal (19%), expectations of efficacy (9%) and health locus of control (9%) for children with CF and by stress appraisal (21%) and self-worth (12%) for children with SCD. The interaction of general and specific illness tasks and adaptational process with developmental tasks in delineating intervention opportunities is discussed.
TL;DR: Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and age were found to contribute significantly to the prediction of dissociative tendencies.
Abstract: As a contribution to an understanding of the psychodynamics of dissociative disorders this study investigated proneness to shame and to guilt as predictors of dissociative tendencies. One hundred and three Australian university students completed self-report measures of dissociative tendencies, proneness to shame and to guilt, gender, and age. Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and age were found to contribute significantly to the prediction of dissociative tendencies. The data provide further support for the view that common affective consequences of childhood trauma may mediate between such trauma and the development of a dissociative coping style.
TL;DR: The evaluation and treatment protocols presented, though still experimental, show promise for improving functional, cognitive, and psychiatric capacities.
Abstract: Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide produces a clinical syndrome that is often overlooked because of obscure symptomatology, a range of presentations, and lack of awareness of the problem. To help physicians recognize and treat the chronic carbon monoxide exposure syndrome, the authors present its objective symptomatology, an approach to diagnosis emphasizing neuropsychological tests, a treatment protocol, and theoretical considerations for the mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen's therapeutic action. For elucidation, eight patients treated in the hyperbaric chamber at a tertiary care facility are described. Diagnosis can be facilitated by recognizing the syndrome based on the patient's history, as well as physical and neuropsychological examinations, with emphasis on identifying potential sources of carbon monoxide exposure. The evaluation and treatment protocols presented, though still experimental, show promise for improving functional, cognitive, and psychiatric capacities.
TL;DR: The Temperament and Character Inventory, the Self-rating Depression Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the STAI were administered to 223 Japanese students to examine the different personality dimensions between depression and anxiety with Cloninger's seven-factor model of temperament and character.
Abstract: We examined the different personality dimensions between depression and anxiety with Cloninger's seven-factor model of temperament and character. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), which measures four temperament and three character dimensions of Cloninger's personality theory (125-item short version), the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were administered to 223 Japanese students. With hierarchical regression analysis, the SDS score was predicted by scores of Harm-Avoidance, Self-Directedness, and Self-Transcendence, even after controlling for the STAI score. The STAI score was predicted by scores of Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness, even after controlling for the SDS score. More importance should be attached to these dimensions of character because they might contribute to both depression and anxiety.
TL;DR: Patients with six DSM-III-R diagnoses of Major Depression, Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Phobia, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Mixed Anxiety Depressive Disorder found specific patterns for some of the diagnostic categories.
Abstract: We studied Levenson's Internal (I), Powerful Others (P), and Chance (C) locus of control scales in 193 patients with six DSM-III-R diagnoses: Major Depression (MD), Panic Disorder (PD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Social Phobia (SP), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Mixed Anxiety Depressive Disorder (MAD). Compared to the comparison groups (CG), we found specific patterns for some of the diagnostic categories. There were no significant differences between the I scale scores and of those in the different anxiety and depressive disorder groups and the CG. But, patients with MD, SP, or MAD had significantly higher P scale scores than the CG. Patients with MD, PD, SP, and MAD had higher C scale scores than the CG. The OCD patients had the lowest P and C scale scores of any of the groups and not significantly different than the CG. The findings have some research and clinical implications.
TL;DR: A cross-cultural comparison was made between a sample of Canadian university students and an Australian sample of 388 subjects reported by Andrews, Singh, and Bond on the Defense Style Questionnaire-40.
Abstract: The Defense Style Questionnaire-40 is a 40 item short form of the 88 item Defense Style Questionnaire. A cross-cultural comparison was made between a sample of 635 Canadian university students and an Australian sample of 388 subjects reported by Andrews, Singh, and Bond. Differences between the two samples were noted for several of the defense scales. These may be a reflection of differential socialization patterns in coping with stress for the two countries. Gender and age comparisons were made for the 20 defense scales. Some interesting differences were noted for gender on the suppression, pseudoaltruism, and isolation scales. The internal structure of defense styles was also found to have similarities and differences for males and females with the DSQ-40.
TL;DR: Differential diagnosis in client populations presenting with complexities of developmental disabilities has become a time honored psychodiagnostic practice and dual diagnosis is important in considering treatment plans, obtaining access and funding for services.
Abstract: Differential diagnosis in client populations presenting with complexities of developmental disabilities has become a time honored psychodiagnostic practice. Standard practice has been to ignore comorbidity in client groups where mental disorders and retardation coexist. In persons with mental retardation, differential diagnosis prioritizes the many presenting symptoms, identifying a single causation. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, mood disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, stereotypic movement disorders, and mental disorders due to a general medical condition often coexist with mental retardation. As mentally retarded populations move from institutional to community residency, comorbidity appears more prevalent, often becoming a client management issue. Dual diagnosis is important in considering treatment plans, obtaining access and funding for services, interdisciplinary communication, and generating epidemiological data. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 1–10, 1998.
TL;DR: The clinical, practical, and methodological issues pertaining to the transfer of depression research to routine primary care practice are reviewed and discussed.
Abstract: Approximately 50% of persons experiencing clinical depression seek help for this disorder from their primary care physician. This pattern of help-seeking has stimulated interest in providing appropriate treatment for depressed primary medical care patients. While the efficacy of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for depression have been demonstrated in the mental health specialty sector, current research endeavors to establish the effectiveness of such treatments when provided to primary medical care patients. We review and discuss the clinical, practical, and methodological issues pertaining to the transfer of depression research to routine primary care practice. Possible directions for future research which will inform the continued applicability of research findings to routine practice are discussed.