Showing papers in "Journal of Economic Entomology in 1978"

Use of Vegetable Oils to Protect Stored Beans from Bruchid Attack

Abstract: Vegetable oils at the rate of 1 ml/kg of bean seed, Phaseolus vulgaris L., provided a high level of control against attack of a bruchid Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman). At 5 or 10 ml/kg bean seed, complete control was achieved and lasted over 75 days for some oils. Crude oils provided significantly better protection than purified oils, and the level of control of the different oils varied significantly. The oils increased adult mortality and reduced oviposition, egg hatching, and number of adult progeny. Oil treatment of larval-infested beans at 5 ml/kg significantly reduced progeny adult emergence. Manual application of oils provided significantly less control than tumbler application at 1 ml/kg. Both oil treated and nontreated beans germinated equally well. Water absorption of oil-treated and untreated beans soaked for 24 h was the same, independent of length of storage after oil application. Oil applications are cheap (0.5% of market price of beans in Colombia), safe, and easy to do.

Electrophoretic esterase patterns in insecticide-resistant and susceptible mosquitoes.

Abstract: The esterase patterns of insecticide-resistant and susceptible strains of Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann, Culex pipiens pipiens L., C. tarsalis Coquillett, and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, were investigated by starch gel electrophoresis. At least one highly active esterase is present in every organophosphate-resistant Strain of Culex spp. A highly active esterase B2, catalyzing the hydrolysis of β-naphthylacetate and being suppressible by DEF® ( S,S,S -tributyl phosphorotrithioate) is most probably associated with organophosphorus multiresistance in C. p. fatigans from California, Esterase B2 has no equivalent in chlorpyrifos-resistant C. p. pipiens from France. Interspecific and interstrain differences in esterase patterns and their relationship to resistance are discussed.

Durability of permethrin as a potential clothing treatment to protect against blood-feeding arthropods.

Abstract: The durability of permethrin (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl cis, trans (±)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate) was studied to determine its potential as a clothing treatment for protection against bloodsucking arthropods. Minimum effective dosages in cloth that caused 100% mortality in 15 min ranged from 0.008–0.125 mg/cm2 with 4 species of mosquitoes and 2 species of flies when the insects were exposed to the treatment for only 10 sec. Minimum effective dosages that caused 100% mortality in 15 min for a 5th species of mosquito resistant to DDT and a flea ranged from 0.032–0.25 mg/cm2 with an exposure of 30 sec. The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), required a 2-min exposure to obtain similar mortality with a dosage of 0.016 mg/cm2. Even after 33–50 cold water rinses of treated cloth, dosages of 0.125–0.25 mg/cm2 still killed 100% of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (30-sec exposure) and A. americanum (2-min exposure). All A. aegypti were killed despite 2 soapy washes of the cloth. Cloth treated with similar dosages was effective after a 1-month exposure to outdoor weathering. Such treatments of clothing could be used for personal protection from blood-feeding arthropods and would also kill a wide variety of these pests.

Feeding and Mobility of the Potato Leafhopper Impaired by Glandular Trichomes of Solanum berthaultii and S. polyadenium

Abstract: Glandular trichomes on foliage of 2 wild potato species, Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, and S. polyadenium Greenm., defend against infestation of Empoasca fabae (Harris) by encasing the mouthparts and tarsi with a viscous exudate that rapidly darkens and hardens. Feeding and mobility are impaired, leading to early death and reduced field populations.

Penetration of Seven Common Flexible Packaging Materials by Larvae and Adults of Eleven Species of Stored-Product Insects

Abstract: The ability of larvae to penetrate flexible packaging materials was determined for large and small larvae of 11 species of stored-product insects. These insects were confined individually, with or without food, in small pouches made of cellophane, polyethylene, paper, polyvinylchloride, aluminum foil, polyester, or polypropylene. Larvae of Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), Cathartus quadricollis (Guerin-Meneville), and Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr) made no penetrations. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae were very weak penetrators. Only Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) and Trogoderma variabile Ballion larvae penetrated all 7 materials. Larvae of the 5 other species, Dermestes maculatus De Geer, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Ephestia cautella (Walker), Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), and Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), penetrated 5 of the 7 materials. Foil, polyester, and polypropylene were generally the most resistant to penetration. Larvae of all species generally showed a much greater propensity to penetrate when confined without food. Many penetrations occurred within 24 h and most occurred within 1 wk. Some larvae that did not penetrate and subsequently transformed into adults made more penetrations as adults than as larvae. The locations of the penetrations in the vertically positioned pouches were predominantly in the bottom 1/2 of the pouches and in a zone 0–1 cm from the folds.

Japanese Beetles: Extracts from Neem Tree Seeds as Feeding Deterrents

Abstract: In both laboratory and field tests over a 3-yr period, solvent extracts from seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., successfully deterred Popillia japonica Newman from feeding on sassafras leaves, Sassafras albidum (Nutt.), and soybeans, Glycine max (L.). In most instances, untreated foliage was completely destroyed, whereas leaves protected with the neem extracts remained untouched or, at worst, were only slightly damaged.

Effects of Two Synthetic Pyrethroids on the Codling Moth, Pear Psylla, and Various Mite Species in Northwest Apple and Pear Orchards

Abstract: The synthetic pyrethroid permethrin sprayed at rates ranging from 2–6 g AI/100 liters gave commercial control of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) on pears. Permethrin and fenvalerate were somewhat acaricidal in their effects, particularly at high dosages (18 g AI/100 liters) but these effects were of short duration. More commonly, dramatic increases in populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch, T. mcdanieli McGregor, or Panonychus ulmi (Koch) followed use of these compounds. These synthetic pyrethroids were highly toxic to Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt), an important predator of spider mites. Rates as low as 3 g AI/100 liters also were effective on overwintering pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster adults, but higher rates (6 g AI/100 liters) were required to obtain control of summer psylla populations.

A Rapid Diet Preparation Method for Antibiotic Phytochemical Bioassay

Abstract: A simple, rapid method was developed for uniformly mixing antibiotic phytochemicals into diet for bioassay with lepidopterous larvae. Uniform mixture was obtained. The time required to work up a bioassay of one sample in 10 replicates was 15–20 min; however, total biological time for the bioassay was from 10–14 days.

Resistance of Cucumber Varieties to Tetranychus urticae: Genetic and Environmental Determinants

Abstract: The “nonbitter” cucumber variety ‘Marketmore 72’ and the “bitter” varieties ‘Marketmore 70’, ‘Tablegreen 65’, ‘Hawaiian’, and ‘Marketeer’ were tested for resistance to the twospotted spider mite. When bitter varieties were gorwn in the same flats, Hawaiian exhibited the most pronounced resistance. Water stress caused a significant increase in the resistance of bitter varieties but did not affect resistance of the nonbitter variety. Resistance was not attributable to behavioral avoidance of bitter leaves.

Probing behavior of Aphis gossypii on resistant and susceptible muskmelon.

Abstract: Microscopic examination of stylets and sheaths and electronic recording of the probing behavior of the melon aphid on resistant and susceptible muskmelon revealed pronounced differences in probing on the 2 lines. Relative to the susceptible line, ‘Top Mark,’ stylets and sheaths in the resistant line, 91213, had significantly more branches ending in the phloem. Electronic recording of aphid probing revealed that on the resistant plants a significantly greater percentage of the probes led to stylet contact with the phloem sieve cells, but a smaller proportion of the sieve cell contacts resulted in ingestion than was the case on susceptible plants. In addition, the duration of periods of ingestion from the sieve cells was 2- to 3× greater on susceptible than on resistant plants.

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Bacillus sphaericus as a Mosquito Control Agent

Abstract: Bacillus sphaericus Neide strain 1593–4 was found to be more virulent against the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and possessed longer residual activity than strain SSII-1 in pond tests at Fresno, CA. Furter testing of strain 1593-4 provided excellent control of a natural population of Culex tarsalis Coquillett in Kern County, CA, at 104 cells/ml. Infectivity of the bacterium on a mixed population of C. tarsalis and southern house mosquito was decreased in a treatment of a dairy drain. A WP formulation of 1593-4 improved handling of the material and resulted in operational control of C. tarsalis at 0.84 kg/ha (7.6×103 spores/ml). Effective control of a mixed population of Aedes melanimon Dyar and A. nigramaculis (Ludlow) was not obtained at 104 cells/ml in 0.02-ha pasture plots, although laboratory tests showed A. nigromaculis had a high susceptibility to the bacterium compared to other Aedes spp. A field test of strain 1593-4 showed no deleterious effect on nontargets at 105 cells/ml. Fry of the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis affinis (Baird and Girard), showed no adverse effect at 5 × 104 spores/ml of 1593-4 WP.

Corn Rootworm Oviposition in Soybeans

Abstract: Twenty-seven fields in Illinois in a soybean-corn rotation were monitored to measure density of rootworm adults in soybeans, oviposition in soybeans, and damage to corn roots the following year. There appears to have been some oviposition by both the northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and the western corn rootworm, D. virgifera LeConte, in nearly all fields, but oviposition and subsequent damage to corn the following year were negligible where soybean fields were virtually free of weeds and volunteer corn. Noneconomic damage occurred when corn followed weedy soybean fields as well as when corn followed nonweedy soybean fields. Highest density of rootworm eggs was found at the base of volunteer corn plants in soybean fields that contained volunteer corn. The greatest root damage occurred in those fields that contained large amounts volunteer corn the previous year.

Honey Bee Pollination Increases Soybean Yields in the Mississippi Delta Region of Arkansas and Missouri

Abstract: The effect of foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera L., on yield of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., was evaluated in the Mississippi Delta regions of Arkansas and Missouri. In combined analysis of 2 cage trials, 15% more beans were produced in cages with bees than in cages without bees. In soybean fields with adjacent apiaries, yields were significantly higher at distances of up to 100 m from the apiaries than at greater distances.

Insecticidal Baits on Field Plot Perimeters Suppress Reticulitermes

Abstract: A field trial was conducted in southern Mississippi to determine if placing decayed wood bait blocks impregnated with mirex could suppress termite ( Reticulitermes sp.) populations when placed around the perimeter of an area. Bait blocks treated with 10 mg mirex/block were buried at 1.5-m spacing at the perimeter of six 7.5 m-square plots, 3 of which also had treatment along the perimeter of an outer 30-m square. Noninsecticidal bait blocks were used to monitor termite activity within the treatment lines. During a 3.5-yr period, termite activity on the treated plots was suppressed. The efficacy of mirex bait treatment for the protection of man-made structures is disscussed.

Biology and control of the obliquebanded leafroller on apples.

Abstract: Both the overwintering and 1st-generation larvae of Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) caused severe damage to apples at harvest. Most damage from overwintering larvae occurred after petal fall during late May and June, and the 1st-generation larvae injured fruit during late July and Aug. PENNCAP-M (methyl parathion) and methomyl applied at petal fall and in mid- to late July controlled the larger overwintering and 1st generation larvae and effectively reduced fruit damage. Azinphosemethyl, phosmet, and PENNCAP-M applied during the 1st adult flight also controlled newly emerging 1st generation larvae and reduced fruit damage. Pheromone traps and an equation driven by avg daily temperature to estimate egg hatch were used to effectively time these sprays.

Mortality of Immature Stages of the Navel Orangeworm Stored at 3.5°C

Abstract: When immature stages of Amyelois transitella (Walker) were exposed to 3.5°C for 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, or 28 days, the time to 50 and 95% mortality was determined. Mature larvae and pupae proved to be more tolerant to cold; eggs and young larvae were more susceptible. The most tolerant stage tested was the pupa at 28 days from oviposition, with LT50 and LT95 values of 11 and 21 days, respectively. However, cold storage at 3.5°C for 28 days resulted in 100% mortality of all stages and is a promising method for controlling navel orangeworms if the infested commodity is stored 28 days or more after reaching 3.5°.

Induction of High Resistance to Permethrin in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Abstract: A high level of resistance to d-trans permethrin [3-Phenoxybenzyl- d-trans -3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] of >;4000-fold has been induced in larvae of the southern house mosquito by selection of a California population in the laboratory. Cross-resistance involves d-cis permethrin [3-phenoxybenzyl- d-cis -3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] at 1021-fold and various other pyrethroids. Resistance is relatively high in heterozygotes (ca. 40-fold). The magnitude of resistance and the limited effect of the synergists, piperonyl butoxide and DEF® ( S,S,S -tributyl phosphorotrithioate), on the resistant strain suggest that non-metabolic mechanisms such as reduced sensitivity of the target site may be the primary source of resistance.

Effect of Empty Comb on Hoarding Behavior and Honey Production of the Honey Bee

Abstract: Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., in laboratory cages supplied with either 46.75, 93.50, or 140.25 cm2 of comb surface area (CSA) hoarded 0.105, 0.135, and 0.188 ml of sucrose solution/bee/day. These differences are highly significant. Field colonies of honey bees were supplied with empty honey storage combs having either 4.06 or 1.88 m2 of CSA. Resultant colony weight gains were 51 and 36 kg, respectively. The colonies were then moved to a 2nd apiary location and the CSA treatments were reversed using fresh storage combs. At the 2nd apiary location, 4.06 and 1.88 m2 of CSA resulted in 58 and 47 kg of colony weight gain, respectively. Analysis of variance showed the difference in response to treatment was highly significant. Under both laboratory and field conditions greater CSA resulted in greater nectar gathering by honey bees. These experiments support the hypothesis that empty comb functions as a stimulus of nectar-foraging behavior.

Effects of Diflubenzuron on Chaoborus astictopus and Nontarget Organisms and Persistence of Diflubenzuron in Lentic Habitats

Abstract: Diflubenzuron 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3 (2, 6 difluorobenzoyl)-urea) applied to 3 farm ponds at rates of 10, 5, and 2.5 ppb, and a lake at 5 ppb, inhibited emergence of adult Chaoborus astictopus Dyar and Shannon 2–7 days following the treatments by 95–100%. Emergence reoccurred in some ponds 4.5–6 wk after treatment. Larval populations in the ponds declined by 98, 88, and 44% of pretreatment at 10, 5, and 2.5 ppb, respectively, and recovered to 30, 87, and 131% of pretreatment numbers, respectively. In the control pond, larvae declined by 53% during the same period but increased to 314% of initial numbers. In the lake, larvae decreased by 99% of the pretreatment level 3 wk posttreatment and remained at low levels. Suppression of crustacean zooplankton occurred at all treatment rates. Cladocerans were more susceptible than copepods and required longer recovery periods. Pond and lake rotifer and algal populations were not altered by the treatments. Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, collected from the lake fed predominantly on cladocerans and copepods but switched to chironomid midges and terrestrial insects after the treatment. Fish growth was not altered by the treatment. Residues in ponds treated at 10, 5, and 2.5 ppb averaged 9.8, 4.6, and 1.9 ppb, respectively, shortly after the applications, and declined steadily averaging 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 ppb, respectively, 2 wk later. Diflubenzuron residues in the lake averaged 3.3 ppb following treatment, and after 35 days, averaged 0.4 ppb. No residues were found in lake sediment. Residues in white crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, varied from 355.1 to 62.2 ppb at 4 and 21 days, respectively, following treatment. Fish residues did not persist at high levels and, by 14 days posttreatment, had begun to decline rapidly.

Effects of Larval Age on the Susceptibility of Almond Moths and Indianmeal Moths to Bacillus thuringiensis

Abstract: Larvae of the almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker), were highly susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in their diet if exposure began during the 1st stadium; they were less susceptible if exposure began dunng the later stadia. Larvae of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), also were highly susceptible if exposure began during the 1st or 2nd stadium, but only the last (4th) stadium showed low susceptibility. B. thuringiensis caused a large increase in the development time of E. cautella larvae but caused little increase in that of P. interpunctella . The bacterium had no discernible effect on the sex ratio or reproductive capacity of moths that developed from surviving larvae.

Field Trials with Pheromone-Acaricide Mixtures for Control of Amblyomma hebraeum

Abstract: Extracts of fed males of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, which produce assembly pheromone (s), and mixtures of such extracts with toxaphene were studied in the field for the control of this tick. Nymphs and adults were attracted to areas on cattle which had been treated previously with extracts alone or in combination with an acaricide. The assembly pheromones and the pheromone-acaricide mixtures were effective for 4 days. These results substantiate the assumption that assembly pheromones mixed with acaricides might be used for the control of A. hebraeum .

Diamondback Moth Resistance to Diazinon and Methomyl in Taiwan

Abstract: Diazinon- and methomyl-resistant strains of Plutella xylostella (L.) with resistance ratios of 14.4 and 175, respectively, were developed in the laboratory by continuous selection for 14 and 19 generations. The susceptibility to these 2 chemicals of this insect pest at several locations in Taiwan from 1975–77 was determined. This survey confirms the development of resistance to these insecticides in some field populations of the diamondback moth. Electrophoretic studies revealed qualitative differences in esterase and phosphatase zymograms in susceptible and resistant strains.

European Corn Borer: A Nonpreference Mechanism of Leaf Feeding Resistance and Its Relationship to 1,4-Benzoxazin-3-One Concentration in Dent Corn Tissue

Abstract: A nonpreference mechanism of resistance, as indicated by larval movement off the host plant, plays an impor tant role in the resistance of dent corn, Zea mays L., to leaf feeding by Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). When compared with the other inbred lines, the high level of leaffeeding resistance found in the inbred line, CI31A, can be attributcd to its increased level of non preference. Whorl concentrations of 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2H.1, 4-benzoxazin-3 (4H) one (HMBOA) and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-I, 4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) were significantly different between inbred lines. The data indicate that DIMBOA is a primary chemical factor in the expression of non preference.

Development of a Genetic Sexing System for Anopheles albimanus

Abstract: Several strains of a mosquito, Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, were synthesized that allow the preferential elimination of females during any of the 4 life stages. This genetic sexing system utilizes propoxur susceptibility as a recessive conditional lethal, a T(Y;2R) translocation, and an In(2R) inversion. The propoxur resistance allele (dominant) was linked to the Y chromosome via a radiation-induced translocation and subsequent genetic recombination was suppressed by inversions. In one of the strains produced, 99.8% of the females were eliminated when treated with propoxur without male loss. Chemically sterilized males of one strain were found to be fully competitive for mating in a laboratory cage.

Tephritid Fruit Fly Trapping: Liquid Food Baits in High and Low Rainfall Climates

Abstract: Proteinaceous food baits in water traps were 20X more efficient in trapping oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, in a dry climate (less than 25 cm avg annual rainfall) than in a wet climate (400 cm). Greater efficiency also was observed in a dry climate with the melon fly, D. cucurbitae Coquillett, and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann).

Insecticide residues in water, sediment, and fish of the drainage system of the Holland Marsh, Ontario, Canada.

Abstract: Insecticide residues in the drainage system of the Holland Marsh in southern Ontario were studied from 1972– 75 inclusive. Concentrations of insecticides in water were combined with pumping data to calculate amounts (g/wk) transferred from the marsh drainage system into the Schomberg River and Lake Simcoe. Residues of organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were present in the drainage system during the 4-yr period. The rate of insecticide transfer was highest in spring during maximum runoff. OC insecticides, chiefly DDT and its metabolites, predominated during this time. Dieldrin and endrin also were detected. OP insecticides, including diazinon and parathion, predominated in the water during summer and fall. Concentrations of OC and OP insecticides in the Schomberg River downstream were 3.5 × higher than those found upstream of the marsh. Total amounts of OP insecticides transferred from the marsh to the river system over the 4-yr period were ca. 7/10 those of the OC insecticides. Insecticide residues were present in bed material of the drainage system at ppb (pp10°) levels and comprised mainly DDT and its metabolites (especially TDE). Other insecticide residues present in sediments were ethion > dieldrin > diazinon. DDT residues in some species of fish from the drainage canal exceeded 5 ppm, while diazinon and ethion were present at < 0.1 ppm. DDT residues in fish from Lake Simcoe were < 0.25 ppm and no OP insecticides were present, indicating that insecticides transferred from the Holland Marsh to the Schomberg River are not currently causing significant contamination of the lake.

Poplar Clonal Preferences of the Cottonwood Leaf Beetle

Abstract: The relative susceptibilities of 33 poplar clones to Chrysomela Scripta F. were measured in 1977 during a season of heavy infestation of this insect in a clonal orchard at Ames, Iowa. Damage to trees was estimated by using the criteria of shoots no longer usable for cuttings and leaf area lost to beetle feeding. Of the 3 clones showing little or no damage in either category, 2 had Populus alba L. parentage. Other than P. alba , parentage had little influence on beetle preference. Although most clones resumed growth during the season, shoot height growth was reduced as much as 80% in severely defoliated clones.

Field and laboratory evaluations of fenvalerate against several insect and mite pests of apple and pear in Oregon.

Abstract: The synthetic pyrethroid fenvalerate was laboratory and field tested against several insect and mite pests of pome fruit crops in Oregon. This chemical gave superior pre-, and postbloom control of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, adults and nymphs at rates of ca. O.4kg AI/ha when compared to a number of other experimental and registered insecticides in seasonal programs. Fenvalerate was also effective against codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), on apples, had little effect on apple rust mite, Aculus schlectendali (Nalepa), was destructive to the predatory phytoseid Typholdromus pryi Scheuten, and was found to cause resurgences in densities of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch).

Unique attractant-toxicant system to control stable fly populations.

Abstract: Fiberglass panels treated with a pyrethroid compound (permethrin, (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl cis trans- (±)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate)) at a rate of 2.5 g/m2 successfully reduced indigenous populations of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) by 84–90% in 7–8 days in field trials. It was calculated that the units removed more than 30% of the adult population per day from the environment when they were used at a rate of 1 unit/5 domestic animals.

Anopheles stephensi: effect of gamma-radiation and chemosterilants on the fertility and fitness of males for sterile male releases.

Abstract: Irradiation of Anopheles stephensi Liston male pupae with 8 krad induced 97.2% male sterility. Higher irradiation of 12 krad resulted in ca. 2% increase of sterility (99.1%) with reduced fitness of males for mating and survival. Four krad irradiation of females resulted in inhibited egg production and at 7 krad there was complete failure of females to lay eggs. Thiotepa was not effective in the sterilization of mosquitoes at the pupal stage. Dipping mosquito pupae in 1% P, P -bis (1-aziridinyl)- N -methylphosphinothioic amide for 2 h induced 100% sterility in both sexes. Chemosterilized males were permanently sterile and comparable in quality (mating competitiveness, mating ability, and survival) with untreated males.