Showing papers in "Journal of Family Issues in 1981"
TL;DR: In this article, an intensive survey of fertility decision-making, both spouses in 244 Northern California marriages responded to questions a bout the kinds of they encounter, their style of conflict resolution, the expected of their conflict, and their marital satisfaction.
Abstract: an intensive survey of fertility decision-making, both Spouses in 244Northern California marriages responded to questions a bout the kinds of they encounter, their style of conflict resolution, the expected oftheir conflict, and their marital satisfaction. Four main \"tYPes\"0f resolution were found based on the 488 individual partnen' reports: (1) a nonintimaie-aggressivc pattern, (11) a nonintimatc-nonaggressivc one, ('11) an intimate-aggressive pattern, and (1V) an intimate-nonaggressive One. who perceived their marriage in Type 1 were generally least aatisficd. tlnd those in Type I V most satisfied, with Types I1 and 111 intermediate. The meaning of this typology and its correlates, as well as its wider implications. are discussed.
123 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of the influence of occupation and employment status on the involve ment of older males in the home and the impact of these factors on wellbeing found participation in masculine activities was more salient to evaluations of self and life.
Abstract: reflects a white-collar bias, and has neglected older men. Our research evaluated the influence of occupation and employment status on the involve ment of older males in the home and the impact of these factors on wellbeing. Data were analyzed from intervicws with I193 men, 60 years of age or older. Occupation and employment status independently influenced family tasks and well-being. Involvement in feminine tasks had little impact on well-being while participation in masculine activities was more salient to evaluations of self and life.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this article, women's continuing commitment to family roles, as shown by their lesser attachment to the labor market in terms of full-time employment, is examined, along with the implications of this commitment to the issue of household division of labor.
Abstract: HISTORICAL data indicate that dual-earner families are not a new phenomenon. Reasons for the apparent failure to take this tradition into account in the literature, as well as the interest in the dual-career segment among these families are discussed. Women's continuing commitment to family roles, as shown by their lesser attachment to the labor market in terms of full-time employment, is shown. The implications of this commitment to the issue of household division of labor is examined, along with the contributions the following articles make to the literature.
79 citations
TL;DR: A study of 650 Detroit women revealed that attitudes, employment status, life cycle, and income all contribute to husbands' housework effort as mentioned in this paper, and some evidence is presented that the greater the earnings differential of husband over wife, the less he contributes in help at home.
Abstract: WOMEN continue to carry disproportionate responsibility for household tasks. A study of 650 Detroit women reveals that attitudes, employment status, life cycle, and husband's income all contribute to husband's housework effort. Some evidence is presented that the greater the earnings differential of husband over wife, the less he contributes in help at home.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a role homophily theory was proposed, which posits that marriages are enhanced when spouses' roles are similar and showed that wives' employment has a positive effect on marital solidarity as perceived by both husbands and wives.
Abstract: WE propose a role homophily theory which posits that marriages are enhanced when spouses' roles are similar. We use cross-sectional survey data to determine how respondents' marital solidarity is affected by whether wives are employed, and by the occupationally derived socioeconomic status of both husbands and wives. We find that wives' employment has a positive effect on marital solidarity as perceived by both husbands and wives. This finding is consistent with role homophily theory, but inconsistent with the predictions of both sex-role differentiation and bargaining theories. When we examine effects of husbands' and wives' socioeconomic status on marital solidarity we find little support for any of the three theories. We conclude that role homophily theory is the best supported of the three theories.
71 citations
TL;DR: The author examines the relationship between divorce and suicide using U.S. data for the period 1933-1970 to find the increase in the strength of the positive relationship between divorced people and suicide in the period after World War II is contrasted with trends during the era of the Depression preceding World war II.
Abstract: The author examines the relationship between divorce and suicide using U.S. data for the period 1933-1970. The increase in the strength of the positive relationship between divorce and suicide in the period after World War II is contrasted with trends during the era of the Depression preceding World War II (ANNOTATION)
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the severity and frequency of the violence and the amount of abuse the victim suffered from puerru u a child were investigated. But, the authors found no statistical evidence to explain why women stay with their abusers.
Abstract: artick addresses some factors Gelkr proposed to explain why women m y with rpouaa who physically abuse them. Variabks in Gellea'n hypothesis .rt mted with data obtained from women staying in shelten after leaving aburen. G e k uid that decisions to h v e are bawd on certain facton; d d i d by Gclle, that am focused on here arc the severity and frequency of the violence and the amount of abuse the victim suffered from puerru u a child. Gclks derived his data from interviews with 66 wives and 14 husbands in intact families in their homes, whereas this investigotion employed a variety of tcchniqua with female battering victims, usually during thcu stay in rhelters. One technique wu a questionnaire that included item suitabk for testing GeWs hypotheis. Statistical teats offer no ~ r p p o r t for two of the major variables propored by GcUes to explain why b.ttcral women stay with their abusers.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of parental divorce on children are reviewed in terms of cognitive performance and school success, personality, interpersonal relationships, health, and juvenile delinquency, and it appears that marital discord more than marital structure is an important determinant of the effects with which they are concerned.
Abstract: practical problems. (b) the consequences for social life and intimate relationships, and (c) health and safety. The effects of parental divorce On children are reviewed in terms of (a) cognitive performance and school success, (b) personality, (c) interpersonal relationships, (d) health, and (e) juvenile delinquency. Due to methodological limitations, little can be concluded concerning the long-term effects of divorce. These limitations are discussed and an alternative research design is proposed. It appears that marital discord more than marital structure is an important determinant Of the effects with which we are concerned.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between multiple characteristics of women's jobs and their family adjustment in a sample of 99 women in dual-earner families and found that women's experiences of their work were significantly related to two of three measures of family adjustment.
Abstract: THIS study investigated the relationship between multiple characteristics of women's jobs and their family adjustment in a sample of 99 women in dual-earner families. Six work-related variables were considered simultaneously as predictors of family adjustment: intrinsic job gratification, satisfaction with job security, job-related mood, time spent at work, occupational prestige, and salary. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that women's paid work lives influence their family adjustment. Women's experiences of their work were significantly related to two of three measures of family adjustment. Salary was negatively associated with satisfaction with family relations for women in low-status occupations only. Time spent at work and occupational prestige showed no significant associations with reported adjustment. Of the three indicators of family adjustment, marital satisfaction appeared to be relatively immune from work influences. We hypothesized that the marital relationship may be less sens...
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was found that a court with a mediation service was economically more efficient than one without a mediation program, and mediated settlements had greater compliance with divorce agreements and more favorable post-divorce adjustment than non-mediated settlements.
Abstract: on three criteria: ( I ) economic efficiency. (2) compliance with court orders, and (3) postdivorce adjustment. The data were obtained from published articles and court reports from California, Connecticut. Minnesota. Wisconsin. Canada, and Australia. I t was found that a court with a mediation service was economically more efficient than one without a mediation program. In addition, mediated settlements had greater compliance with divorce agreements and more favorable postdivorce adjustment than nonmediated settlements. The data indicate that mediation would lessen the cost and improve the quality of dispute resolution at the time of divorce.
40 citations
TL;DR: The impact of ahelten on the experienua of lmttmd w o w l l is examined data dnwn from putkipant observation of a batted women'r w..
Abstract: impact of ahelten on the experienua of lmttmd w o w l l is examined data dnwn from putkipant observation of a batted women'r w. The org8niz8tiod philorophy, beliefs, and action8 of shelter worken arc ahown to be critical *bkr in thc outcome of battered -men" contacts with the rheltcr. T k therapeutic-intervention model impOrea by fudhg a @ e n k lad the boud w.0 the context in which ~ l o n developed their undmtalding of batterad women. Counselors +wed battered women u suffering from mental probkma requiring long~ a m ~ ~ . T h e t r a t m e a t w o m c a n c e i ~ v u i e d d e p e a d i n g o n t h e d e g r r e ~bieb they approximated r t l f f m viaion of "good clients." Good clients p~ojatsd M h g e of rlf-rufliciency. sincerity, and reaponaivenesa, and did .ot guation orguiiutiorul NICS. Tbc procaring of brttmd women molval m u d orpniUtioarr1 and staff Criteria which WM bued on the relf-ruffiincy ethos. The *htr rewed u a ahort-tmn intervention, prwiding pr.aicrl but no1 emotional dtcnutiva to 4 vident m r d .
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated career and family patterns in terms of the family life cycle proposed by Duvall (1971) and a fourfold typology introduced here, finding that the professional careers of these women have been influenced to some extent by marriage, but to a considerable extent by the presence of children.
Abstract: THE topic of dual-career families has been approached by numerous researchers since the publication of Rapoport and Rapoport's (1969) pioneering work. Most have utilized a cross-sectional research design. This article attempts to add a longitudinal dimension by reporting data collected in 1977 from 45 professional women who were originally interviewed in 1969. Their career and family patterns are investigated in terms of the family life cycle proposed by Duvall (1971) and a fourfold typology introduced here. It appears that the professional careers of these women have been influenced to some extent by marriage, but to a considerable extent by the presence of children. Many of the respondents voiced the opinion that while combining a professional career, marriage, and motherhood is very appealing in ideal terms, in reality it may require a "superwoman" to do so in the face of current American cultural norms.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the long-term negative effects of marital failure on the well-being of persons who remarried after divorce and found that the negative effect was not explained by race, age, or socioeconomic variables.
Abstract: further evidence on the marital and global happiness of persons remarried after divorce. The findings are generally consistent with those from earlier studies. Persons remarried after divorce were found t o have had rather high levels of reported well-being, but ever-divorced women reported lower aggregate marital happiness than never-divorced married women (or than ever-divorced married men), and the difference was not explained by race, age, or socioeconomic variables. A history of marital failure was unrelated t o the reported global happiness of married persons except among white women, and the slightly lower reported global happiness of ever-divorced than of never-divorced married white women was fully explained by the lower marital happiness of the former. These findings indicate remarkably small long-term negative effects of marital failure on the well-being of persons who remarry after divorce.
TL;DR: In this article, a brief history of the rise of violence against wives in Britain is given and the social scientist will be placed in this arena, and the existing proposals relating to social science and social action and then three fundamental aspects of action research are developed.
Abstract: Elationship between social science and social action as they have developed in the context Of research on violence against wives. After providings brief history of the rise of this social problem in Britain, the social scientist will bc placed in this arena. There, the article examines the existing proposals relating to social science and social action and then develops three fundamental aspects of action research: the methodology. the message, and the relationship between social scientists and statutory bodies and community soups . Throughout, the discussion draws comparisons with the traditional approaches that have not been oriented to action research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between maternal employment and violence toward children and found no statistically signifcant differences on the Child Abuse Index between working and non-working mothers.
Abstract: support for three directions of p hypothesis relating maternal employment to violence toward children: ( I ) working mothen are more likely to abuse their children than nonworking mothers; (2) women who do not work arc more likely to abuse; and (3) mternal employment is not related to child a b w . We examine the relationship betwan maternal employment and violence toward children. Nonworking mothers had the highest rate of \"Overall Violence.\" There wen no statistically signifcant differences on the \"Child Abuse Index\" between working and nonworking mothen. Excess domestic responsibility, not Bhanng decisions concerning the mother's work, having preschool children, d having an unemployed husband increased the rate of maternal violence. Violence among nonworking mothers was less if their husbands earned more than 520,000 per year. if the decision about the mother's work was a joint one, a d if they had older children. Finally, we discuss the policy implications of there findings.
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-probability sample of 1,120 women contacting a university-affiliated Center for Continuing Education of Women was examined, and the authors found that the percentage of women with high career values sharply outweighs the percentage employed full-time.
Abstract: examined with a nonprobability sample of 1,120 women contacting a university-affiliated Center for Continuing Education of Women. Levels of achievement orientation are stable, but career and family attainment values vary, with age and life-cycle stage. Career values are more likely to be high among women who are young, single, or mothers of older children; family values are more likely t o be high among women who are older. married. or mothers of preschoolers. Among young married mothers, the percentage of women with high career values sharply outweighs the percentage employed full-time, suggesting family life-cycle constraints on the expression of achievement orientation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of "adolesent mother" is expanded to all mothers with one child born during adolescence-irrespective of the mother's age during the reported maltreatment.
Abstract: child maltreatment. The concept of "adolesent mother" is expanded to all mothers with one child born during adolescence-irrespective of the mother's age during the reported maltreatment. This study compared the groupings of "adolescent mothers" to all other reported mothers, using age at birth of the first child and age at reported maltreatment as discriminators. These three groups of mothers were compared on a variety of demographic a d dynamic variables including whether the mothers lived with a male. This ex post fact0 study found the youngest mothers, living alone, to be subject to extreme poverty. often being a member of a minority group, and more commonly neglecting than physically abusive. All three groups of women followed a common path to maltreatment. A live-in male was found to have little effect. Implications and recommendations for further study are offerd.
TL;DR: A survey of the available research, continuities in the historical development of the kibbutzfarmb. as mentioned in this paper, together with the historical sources of antifamilistic ideology are described, together with role of women as the"fami1ktic underground."
Abstract: 'ofid scientists in the past 30 years. At one point, it was claimed that the Simply did not exist in the kibbutz. More recently the claim is k i n 8 that the family in the kibbutz is enjoying a revival, end growing from a family to an extended one. This article survey8 the available research, continuities in the historical development of the kibbutzfarmb. The historical sources of antifamilistic ideology are described, together with the role of women as the"fami1ktic underground." The recent PtominCncc of the family in the kibbutz community is viewed as resulting from a Combination of demographic, economic, and social factor% and 8s a" part of wider historica] changes in the kibbutz a s a social system.
TL;DR: In this paper, a status attainment model for married-working couples using data from Lenawee County, Michigan was proposed and estimated for the first time, showing that when both spouses pursue career paths, the attainment of each spouse is moderated by the efforts of the other to pursue his or her own career.
Abstract: IN this article we propose and estimate a status attainment model for married-working couples using data from Lenawee County, Michigan. Our findings indicate that when both spouses pursue career paths, the attainment of each is moderated by the efforts of the other to pursue his or her own career. As is well known, women's career chances are generally compromised in favor of the career advancements of their husbands. However, our data indicate that husbands are also not immune from the effects of the career pursuits of their wives. Both husbands and wives tend to accommodate each other by restricting their own mobility.
TL;DR: Several demographic and personalogical Variables, including infant's gender and temperament, were found to have correlations with frequency and type of involvement of fathers with infants.
Abstract: with infants. Aspects of this experience that were studied were how fathers Panicipated in child care and in noncare rasks, factoro affecting frequency a.nd types of such activities, and changes from neonatal to poStncOflata1 h e . The design was a two-group design. instrumentation consisted of three Fh Of questionnaires, answered prenatally, 3 w n k s and 3 months after Infants' birth. Among these couples, mothers assumed major child Care Fathers of nonbreastfed infants reported being generally n o r e involved in caregiving than did fathers of breastfed infants. Fathers Performed care tasks selectively and were more participatory when mothers Were present. Fathers played or comforted infanu more than they performed physical care. Several demographic and personalogical Variables, including infant's gender and temperament, were found to have ne8ligiblc correlations with frequency and type of involvement of fathers with infants.
TL;DR: In this article, a simultaneous equation model was used to explain the number of hours of paid market work by husbands and wives in a married couple living together where both wives and husbands have jobs working for money.
Abstract: THIS article uses a simultaneous equation model to explain the number of hours of paid market work by husbands and wives. The analysis is restricted to married couples living together where both wife and husband have jobs working for money. Within this context, whites and blacks are compared as salaried, union hourly, and nonunion hourly groups. The substitutability or complementarity of husbands' and wives' hours of market work is examined. Black husbands appear to treat their wives' work as complementary to their own hours of work. On the other hand, white husbands on salaries appear to see their wives' work as a substitute for their own work.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the literature revealed Critical evaluations of the state of research and suggested four areas of weakness in the purported child maltreatment research literature; the strongest case could be made that much of what is reported asYrescarch and studies of... did not meet traditional standards of scientific inquiry.
Abstract: Nrglecl Research: Projects and Publications was examined using content analysis 10 ascertain the status of research approaches in child maltreatment. A review of the literature revealed Critical evaluations of the state of research and suggested four areas of weakness in the purported child maltreatment research literature. The four criticisms were borne out; the strongest case could be made that much of what is reported asYrescarch\" and \"studies of . . .\" did not meet traditional standards of scientific inquiry. Based on the findings from the abstracts studied here. we urge higher standards in child maltreatment research to provide the best basis for developing programs which mean to have positive effects on the livesof affected children and families. The time has come to recognize the falsc promises made by the child maltreatment literature and move forward to build a body of knowledge which can survive rigorous scientific scrutiny.
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationship between three patterns of family role performance and preschool-aged boys' and girls' perceptions of the father role and found an inverse relationship between paternal participation in both child care and housework, whereas paternal influence in family decision making and sons' masculinity were unrelated.
Abstract: AN exploratory study was conducted to investigate the relationships between three patterns of family role performance and (1) preschool-aged boys' sex-role preferences and (2) preschool-aged boys' and girls' perceptions of the father role. Three groups of 20 families were interviewed in their homes regarding division of labor and satisfaction with parent and work roles. These groups varied according to maternal employment status and extent of paternal responsibility for child care (either minimal or approximately equal to that of the mother). Children were tested for their intelligence, sex-role preferences, and perceptions of parent roles. Support was found for an inverse relationship between paternal participation in both child care and housework and children's functional stereotypes of the father role. In addition, paternal housework was found to be inversely related to sons' masculinity, whereas paternal influence in family decision making and sons' masculinity were unrelated. It was concluded that ac...
TL;DR: This article found that those procedures that provided service to individuals for therapeutic purposes were most widely accepted, while those which would serve society by improving genetic stock were least acceptable, even those majoring in biology and/or enrolled in the most prestigious universities.
Abstract: to techniques that would facilitate predetermination of the sex of offspring, minimize physical and/or mental defects, perfect test-tube fertilization with embryo transplants among human beings, and develop such futuristic possibilities as cloning and parthenogenesis. The subjects were 2,138 students in five colleges in the San Francisco Bay Area who responded t o detailed questions, which included some description of the technologies. Etzioni’s paradigm of genetic engineering was used in the analysis of results. Those procedures that provided service to individuals for therapeutic purposes were most widely accepted, while those which would serve society by improving genetic stock were least acceptable. Even those respondents majoring in biology and/or enrolled in the most prestigious universities were unwilling to give a high priority to ongoing research in the most futuristic techniques and they would prohibit research into many of these techniques of reproductive engineering.
[...]
TL;DR: In this study, the authors will examine the need for family death education in marriage and family texts for dealing with crisis situations in a "rosy" fashion and giving "magic" solutions.
Abstract: Several marriage and family writers have noted a need for family death education. Hunt and Rydman (1976: 227-231) suggest that death in the family is a neglected topic. Berardo ( 1968) argues for the development of sociological knowledge concerning the phenomenon of widowhood in the United States. Likewise, Christensen and Johnson (1971: 482) cite a need for psychological and economic preparation for widowhood. Landis and Landis (197% 403-405) note that helping children understand death is a very real part of our existence. Glasser and Glasser. in Families in Crisis (l970), discuss nearly every conceivable family crisis except death. Eshleman 0978) has a lengthy chapter on marital crisis but omits death. On the other hand, Klemer and Smith( 1975: 396-398), in their chapter entitled \"What Makes a Crisis?\", devote nearly three pages to the crisis death creates in a family. Rodman (1970) criticizes family texts for dealing with crisis situations in a \"rosy\" fashion and giving \"magic\" solutions. The crisis frequently discussed in marriage and family texts is divorce. While divorce may occur within a family, one can be assured that death willoccur. In this study, the authors will
TL;DR: Pagelow as discussed by the authors found no evidence to support Gelles's first hypothesis and considerable evidence contrary to the third hypothesis about the decision of battered women to stay with violent hubands.
Abstract: Abusive and violent actions between family members Or other intimates have gained much publicity and COncem sim the ewly l!MOs. Anyone likely to pick up this issue ofloudof Family / , e s probably knows much about some or most of these developments, SO tkre is little need to recapitulate here the natural history of thesocial movements involved in these a=. For our purposes, it is cnoufi to developments and progress in many areas, including research, program development, legal initiative, policy and institutional breakthroughs, community Support, political mobilization, and &hers. Movement has been so rapid, in many areas, that action has outstrippad relevant knowledge; our need to know has outpaced Our awib to generate and develop new knowledge. It is to this specific problem which this special issue is addressad. In this issue we bring to you seven articles reporting vanguard research and analyses by those d o have been most intimately involved in recent yean. o u r lead article by Mildred Daley Pagelow presents an important empirical contribution to the debate about why abused and b a t t e d women stay with their violent husbands. In his 1976 article \"Abused Wives: Why Do They Stay?.\" Richard Gelles proposed three major factors in answering this question: seventy and frequency of the ~olencc, lack of resources, and being subjected to childhood abuse a d violence. Pagelow finds no evidence to support Gelles's first hypothesis and considerable evidence contrary to the third hypotheabout the decisions of battered women to stay with violent hubands. Pagelow's article marks an important contribution to our
TL;DR: The Los Angela County District Attorney's Office as discussed by the authors reviewed cases reviewed for prosecution by the Los Angeles County DA's office following special legislation in California to strengthen laws relating to parental child stealing.
Abstract: custody has become the find battk in the divora war. Although crime between family members generally a a s e s with the dissolution of a marriage, children of divorce must now deal with a new and growing repercussion of divorce-being abducted by the parent who loses physical custody. Parental child stealing is the abduction of a child by a prrent in violation of a custody order. This article reports on cases reviewed for prosecution by the Los Angela County District Attorney’s Mia following special legislation in California to strengthen laws relating to parental child thefts. The article 81the laws relating to child custody. repom on the extent of parental child stealing, and examiner the participants and crime process when noncurtodial parents abduct children.