Showing papers in "Journal of pharmaceutical research international in 2022"

Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis: Review

Abstract: In atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein B-lipoproteins in blood artery matrix attract monocytes, which become macrophages and dendritic cells. Macrophages generated from recruited monocytes cause a maladaptive, non-resolving inflammatory response that increases subendothelial layer. Some lesions cause myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac death. Modern atherosclerosis research focuses on the molecular biology of atherogenesis, although the disease's complex pathophysiology is still unknown. The goal of this research is to examine the mechanisms of atherosclerosis development, such as endothelial dysfunction, fatty streak formation, fibrous plaque formation, and plaque rupture (Fig. 1.). This article takes a thorough look at the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, addressing the pathological and biochemical mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque development and growth. Atherosclerosis pathogenesis and disease development are the primary topics of discussion in this review, which focuses on the disease's particular targets.

Analysis of Determinants of Neonatal Mortality in Afar and Somalia Regions, Ethiopia

Abstract: Background: Children face the highest risk of dying in their first month of life. Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan countries with highest newborn deaths. Afar and Somalia regions in Ethiopia are among the regions with high death rates of newborn children. This study aimed to analyse and identify determinants of neonatal mortality in Afar and Somalia regions, Ethiopia. Methods: This study used 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data for the analysis. The multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the significant determinants of neonatal mortality. Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and p-value < 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression model was reported to declare the statistical significance and strength of association between neonatal mortality and determinants. Results: A total of 2567 newborn children were included in this study. Mortality rate among newborns in the first month was 41 per 1000 live births in Afar and Somalia regions. Health facility delivery (AOR: 0.634; 95% CI: 0.409–0.982), being female (AOR: 0.206; 95% CI: 0.073–0.528), multiple births (AOR: 3.958; 95% CI: 2.293–11.208), small size at birth (AOR: 1.208; 95% CI: 1.003–1.728), secondary and above educational level of mothers (AOR: 0.484; 95% CI: 0.294–0.797) were statistically significant determinants neonatal mortality. Conclusions: In this study, sex of child, place of delivery, birth type, size at birth, mother’s educational level were found to be statistically significant determinants of neonatal death in Afar and Somalia regions, Ethiopia. Mothers with no education should be given health education and institutional delivery should be encouraged to improve the survival of the neonates in Afar and Somalia regions, Ethiopia.

Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Seriphidium kurramenses

Abstract: Seriphidium kurramenses traditionally medicinal plant usually not present in Pakistan is used in different biological activities to cure various ailments. However, scare studies are present on S. kurramenses regarding to its medicinal importance to treat fever, inflammation and pain. The purpose of present study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of S. kurramenses stem and leaves in ethanolic extract on albino rats. Methodi anti-inflammatory actions were evaluated by injecting carrageenan in rats which caused edema. S. kurramenses produced significant (P<0.005) reduction in edema at 200 and 50mg/kg doses with respective percentages (90, 81%) of leaf and stem extract as compared to standard (diclofenac, 90%) and control (normal saline, 100%) groups. Meanwhile, antipyretic activity was examined by inducing brewer’s yeast in albino rats which induced pyrexia. S. kurramenses showed significant reduction (P<0.005) at different doses of ethanolic extract (50mg/kg, 50mg/kg) with respective percentages of leaf (95%) and stem extract (100%) as compared to standard (brewer’s yeast 81%) and control groups (normal saline 100%). Similarly, analgesic test was assessed by injecting acetic acid which induced writhing movements and these movements were reduced (>0.005) at different doses of ethanolic extract (400mg/kg, 400mg/kg) with respective percentages of leaf and stem extracts (52%, 56%) as compared to standard (diclofenac, 48%) and control groups (100%). It is concluded that the extract of S. kurramenses exhibit significant (P<0.005) results in case of anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities but insignificant (>0.005) in analgesic activity.

A Comparison of Ivermectin and Non Ivermectin Based Regimen for COVID-19 in Abuja: Effects on Virus Clearance, Days-to-discharge and Mortality

Abstract: Aim: To compare outcomes from ivermectin (IVM) - and non-ivermectin (NIVM)-based treatments for COVID-19 in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: Sixty-one consecutive virology-proven cases were recruited and managed with IVM-based regimes. A subsequent cohort of 26 patients was treated with NIVM due to physician preference, with varying combinations of lopinavir/ritonavir (Alluvia), remdesivir, azithromycin, and enoxapramin. All patients received zinc sulfate, vitamin C and supportive therapy. Propensity matching was carried out as indicated, and Repeat Measures Analysis of Variance (RMANOVA) allowing for time*treatment interaction was carried out for time dependent variables, deriving Likelihood Ratio (LR) and P values. Main Outcome Measures: Change in cycle threshold (viral load) over time, positivity status by day 5, improvement in clinical status using myalgia scores, days to discharge (DTD), change in SpO2 and death. Results: IVM was associated with a greater and faster reduction in viral clearance (LR=64.2 p< 0.0001 for the N gene): 31% and 95% were negative by days 5 and 14, respectively, versus 0% on NIVM. The mean DTD on IVM was 8.8 days versus 19.4 days, p< 0.0001. IVM proved significantly superior for Myalgia scores, LR= 23.45, P=0.0007. The mortality rate was 0/61 (0%) in IVM but 4/26 (15.3%) in NIVM. Three of the 4 deaths were in females, and 2 had been vaccinated, one fully. The SP02% increased significantly more on IVM (p < 0.0001 RMANOVA) than the NIVM group. C-reactive protein and D-dimer levels dropped significantly more sharply during IVM (P= 0.0068, 0.063), suggesting anti-inflammatory and antifibrinolytic activity. Conclusions: The IVM-based regimen caused earlier discharge from treatment and reduced mortality, in addition to clinical and laboratory improvements. Vaccination did not protect some patients from SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and mortality.

Applications of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma in Dentistry- A Review

Abstract: Plasma is one of the most dominant states of matter in the universe and was identified by Sir William Crooke in 1879. It is an electrically conducting medium that responds to electric and magnetic fields. It implies studies concerning the direct action of low temperature and the effect of low atmospheric plasma pressure on body tissues for various non-invasive therapeutic treatments or diagnostic purposes. Plasma consists of large quantities of highly reactive species, such as ions, energetic electrons, exited atoms and molecules, ultraviolet photons in the meta-stable state, and active radicals. Research has revealed promising and successful medical applications of these non-thermal, cold plasma-reactive oxygen species. The objective of this minor review is to highlight the numerous applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) in dentistry, which include: dental caries prevention by bacterial inactivation; prevention of oral cancer by selective destruction of the tumour cells and damaged tissue repair effects; tooth bleaching or whitening procedures; in restorative dentistry for placement of composite restorations; in endodontic therapy for root canal disinfection; and for the treatment of oral thrush (induced by Candida albicans).

Synthesis of Phyto Based Metal Nanoparticles: A Green Approach

Abstract: In recent years, changing material properties is gaining a significant research interest. Besides, applying the fundamentals of basic science to different applications is also more encouraged and on-demand. In this view, material science has become a common interest in various fields, starting from chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. The common platform for all these sectors is nanoscience and nanotechnology. The main motto is changing material properties while converting it from bulk to its nano size level. The changes in properties like optical, mechanical, and others make the synthesized nanomaterials for implementation in various applications for humankind. Besides the success of this idea, the toxicity of the materials used during the synthesis becomes a question to researchers, as it hinders the sustainable development concept. If not total, a certain decrement in the toxic material utilization gives a pavement towards green technology. In this view, various researchers adopted plant materials as sources for synthesizing the nanomaterial in this decade. The present review highlights the utilization of coinage metal (Ag, Au, and Cu) salt to synthesize nanoparticles by using plant sources like leaf, bark and their characterization study along with their applications.

Rivaroxaban: Compatibilty with Pharmaceutical Excipients using DSC and FTIR Spectrophotometry

Abstract: Rivaroxaban (RN) is a recently developed potent oral anticoagulant. The aim of the present study envisages compatibility studies of rivaroxaban with crospovidone, sodium startch glycolate, magnesium stearate, talc, microcrystalline cellulose, aerosil, HPMC K100 M, croscarmellose sodium using Differential scanning calorimeter and FTIR spectrophotometer. DSC thermograms, of rivaroxaban and physical mixture of individual pharmaceutical excipient, exhibited the range of transition of the drug in between 224ºC and 232ºC. The FTIR graphs showed that the wave numbers of rivaroxaban, matched with all the chosen pharmaceutical excipients combinations. Thus the DSC and FTIR studies showed that RN was not interactive with selected pharmaceutical excipients and can be carried forward for further studies.

Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Solution is an Expectorant, Pyolytic, Mucolytic, Hemolytic, and Bleaching Drug for Treating Purulent Diseases, Hematomas and Bruising

Abstract: It has been established that warm alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide with local interaction with thick pus, mucus, sputum and blood have local pyolytic, mucolytic and hemolytic effects. It was found that the dissolving effect is associated with the alkaline properties of the drug, which are provided by sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate provides the process of alkaline saponification of proteins and protein-lipid complexes. It is shown that hydrogen peroxide intensively decomposes into water and oxygen gas under the action of the catalase enzyme. In turn, catalase is always present in blood, mucus, sputum, pus, fibrous and serous fluid. At the same time, the released oxygen forms gas bubbles that literally tear apart biological masses during cold boiling and turn them into fluffy white foam. At the same time, the appearance of oxygen in an alkaline environment ensures the process of discoloration of biological pigments, such as hemoglobin and its color metabolites. The indicated pharmacological effect of a warm alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide at local interaction is proposed to be used for the treatment of purulent diseases, thrombosis, bruising and hematomas. The technologies of using the drug for urgent restoration of breathing in obstructive purulent bronchitis, for urgent discoloration of the skin and nail plate with bruising and hematoma, as well as for urgent and safe peeling of a bloody bandage from a wound are listed.

Awareness and Knowledge of Dental Teaching Faculty on OSCE/OSPE Examination: An Online Survey

Abstract: Aims: Past many decades the traditional way of examining the students includes both short and long cases as well viva-voce examination. In the conventional assessment method, there are some voids found such as communication skills. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using a pre-designed questionnaire through Google forms. Place and Duration of Study: Questionnaire distributed to the participants of various dental colleges across India through e-mails, and through Whats App, from 16th Feb 2022 to 30th March. Methodology: The questionnaire was pre-tested, and validation was performed. A total of 501 responses were received from the participants. The received data was entered in Microsoft Excel sheet. Descriptive Statistical Analysis was done by using IBM SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 501 faculty members participated. Senior Lectures stood in first place (153) and the least interest shown by the Readers (100). While gender wise designations follow as in Senior Lecturer designation dominated by the female faculty. 82.4% of faculty were aware about the OSCE and 77.8% claimed they knew about OSPE. More than half of the participated faculty revealed that they have not undergone any training programme to conduct OSCE/OSPE. Conclusion: Very few of the Dental Institutions conduct the OSCE/OSPE programmes. Though there are many ways to test the student’s knowledge, no single method is superior to other methods. It is advisable to use a combination of methods for better results.

The Predictive Influence of Interest in Online Learning of Pharmacy Students’ Achievement in General Biology

Abstract: Objectives: This study determined the prediction of students` interest in online learning on their academic achievement in general biology among the first-year undergraduate pharmacy students in Nigeria. Design: A correlational research design was adopted for the study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Nigeria between 2020/2021 academic session. Methodology: The study participants comprised of 370 undergraduate students drawn from faculty of pharmacy using multistage sampling procedure. Interest in online rating scale (IORS) and general biology achievement test (GBAT) were research instruments used for the study. The internal consistency reliability indices of the instruments were established using Cronbach alpha and Kudder-Richardson formula 20 (K-R20) to be 0.79 and 0.71 respectively. Results: The findings of the study showed that students` interest in online learning significantly predicted their academic achievement in general biology. It was also found that the influence of gender on the amount of prediction of interest in online learning on students` academic achievement in general biology was not significant. The study showed that the regression model for predicting students` academic achievement in general biology from their interest in online learning is: BAA = 17.145 + 0.235(SLA) -0.505(SSA) + 0.305(SCA) -1.0143 (ARA) -0.012(ORA). Conclusion: Interactive online learning platforms and forums where students can have access to question and answers on previous examinations as well as interact with instructors in solving examination problems should be made available. Students should make relentless efforts to engage in online related activities that will stimulate their interest and that teachers and parents should make online learning tools available to students so as to engage them in online learning often.

A Randomized Control Trial of Clinical Success and Acceptability of the Hall Technique and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations in Sealing Carious Primary Molars

Abstract: Background: A paradigm shift in the caries management propelled interest in techniques for sealing caries and restorations with selective caries removal. Preformed Metal Crowns (PMCs) and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) have been preferred choices of restorations for carious primary molars. This is the first study from India on the Hall Technique used to seal carious primary molars. Objective: To compare the clinical success and acceptability of the Hall Technique and RMGIC restorations in sealing carious primary molars. Methods: Sixty 7–8-year-old children having caries with ICDAS scores 3-5, requiring two or more restorations; a total of 140 teeth were randomized into Group A: HT (n1 = 73 teeth) or Group B: RMGIC (n2 = 67 teeth). A single calibrated operator assessed the ‘Major’ failures (abscess, secondary caries, new caries) and ‘Minor’ failures (dislodgement) over a period of 15 months. Children, parents, and operator rated the acceptability. The average time taken for each procedure was recorded. Results: ‘Major’ failures were statistically significantly higher in the RMGIC group (p=0.008). At the 12-month follow-up, the HT outperformed RMGIC restorations. Additional failures were seen in Group B: RMGIC restorations at 15-month follow-up, whereas no failures were seen with HT. The result was statistically not significant. Children, parents, and the operator preferred the Hall Technique, which was statistically significant (p< 0.001). Conclusion: HT is a successful and acceptable technique and superior to RMGIC restorations with partial excavation of caries in primary molars but with mild postoperative discomfort.

Overview and Future Perspectives on Bone 3D Bioprinting

Abstract: 3D bioprinting is a prominent topic in the field of tissue engineering. The progress made in the last decade is remarkable, but the technology still shows many drawbacks and limitations due to the relatively short introduction. In this paper we summarize the major 3D bioprinting protocols such as material jetting, material extrusion, and vat polymerization, highlighting the pros and cons of each technology, then we analyze different biomaterials and various components of the bio-inks compatible with the available 3D bioprinters. The goal of this review is to examine the existing tools to produce bone scaffolds and highlight future developments in the field of Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) inside the oral cavity.

Bioprocessing of Agricultural Waste (Banana Pseudostem) by Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) for Production of Cellulase

Abstract: Cellulase was produced by Cellulomonas uda utilizing banana stem waste by solid state fermentation (SSF). The different parameters effects considered like particle size of substrate, pH(incubation and extraction), incubation period, temperature (incubation and extraction), media components (yeast extract and peptone) and moisture of substrate on the production of cellulase was investigated. The optimum activity of cellulase produced by Cellulomonas uda on banana waste for particle size (6.97 IU/min for 1mm), extraction pH (7.13 IU/min for pH 7), incubation pH(6.97 IU/min for pH 7), extraction temperature (7.10 IU/min for 500C), incubation temperature (7.20 IU/min for 450C), incubation period (7.20 IU/min on 3rd day), moisture content (7.12 IU/min for 100% ), peptone content ( 7.23 IU/min for 0.5 gm) and yeast extract content (7.18 IU/min for 0.30gm) was recorded. The cellulase produced by Cellulomonas uda by using banana stem waste indicates the socio-econic utilization of agricultural waste. After purification and characterization; cellulase enzyme can be used in industrial processes.

Inflammation, Infiltration, Necrosis, Abscess and Nicolau Syndrome after Injection of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: What is the Reason?

Abstract: It has been established that some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) when administered through injectable preparations have a local irritating effect, even though the preparations are considered high-quality. It seems that this local irritant action is not related to any specific pharmacological action but with the physicochemical properties of the preparation that grossly violate the homeostasis of the tissues. It seems that the local complications at injection sites can be caused by the nonspecific properties of the injectable preparations: denaturing (cauterizing), hypertonic and acidic activity. Each such property, or their combination, has a locally irritating effect, which can cause abscess, necrosis, and acute aseptic inflammation of reversible or irreversible nature, that follows immediately after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, a condition named “Nicolau Syndrome”. Conversely, injectable preparations of NSAIDs having isotonic or hypotonic osmolarity associated with a neutral or weakly alkaline pH (about pH 7.4), produce a minimal short-term reversible local inflammatory effect and do not cause Nicolau Syndrome after administration.

Assessment of the Relation of Anti-TPO and TSH, T3 and T4 Levels between Some Subclinical Diabetes Patients in Iran

Abstract: Background: As we know, around 28% of ills who had benign fibrocystic mastopathy mostly have shown antibodies of anti-TPO as well as around 80% of them that have shown the thyroid hypertrophy issue. The Assessment of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) as the main antigen agent of the thyroid microsomal fraction has enabled the progress of a sensitive and specific assay for the detection of the corresponding autoantibodies and other digestive fractions. Aim: Effect of gender, climate, and age on the ATPO, TSH, T3 and T4 rates were assessed as a goal. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the diagnostic validity of the anti-TPO, TSH, T3, and T4 assays and their relationships in 500 laboratory cases from Isfahan province with various types of thyroid and diabetes diseases and in controls. Age factor in the various levels of T3, T4, ATPO and TSH items is studied in the following research, which demonstrates a reduced rate in T4 factor of the 1st decade. Results: In the present study, patients with high TSH levels had high TPO tests. Patients with high levels of ATPO usually had high TSH, and in patients with low thyroid status, high TSH and high ATPO, TSH levels were normalized with levothyroxine tablets. Those with a high ATP content and normal TSH levels may have hypothyroidism in the future. Conclusion: We concluded that you should check the thyroid test every 6 months. This could be concluded from the following research that gender, age, race, and area all demonstrate some remarkable impacts on the levels of T4, T3, TSH, and ATPO.

A Review on Selected South Indian Regime of Tamil Nadu for the Seasonal Management of Communicable Diseases

Abstract: Communicable diseases are infectious diseases that are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa etc. Seasonal change in the infectious disease incidence is a common phenomenon in temperate and tropical climates such as India. The present covid-19 pandemic has become a spotlight on the importance of boosting our immune system and focuses on key gaps in understanding the function of our immune system. While there is an emergence of new strains of viruses and its consequences in today’s world, it urges us to spectate on lifestyle modification through natural measures that focuses on boosting our immunity apart from vaccines. This gap area has developed an interest to review the traditional Siddha texts that explains the disciplines of life for various seasons that specifically directs the daily routines to be followed from the dawn to dusk of the day according to seasons. This Siddha system of medicine is an ancient system of Tamil nadu in India which emphasize on Nithya Ozhukkam (Seasonal disciplines) in order to lead healthy and disease-free life. The latter rainy season (Koothirkalam) can favour the spread of many infectious diseases. Only few research work has been published on literature analysis of ancient texts exploring the science behind its facts. While there is a tremendous interest and research in the health-promoting and protective concepts of traditional systems off late, this review article has unraveled the scientific facts of few selected traditional food regime and the concepts of mukkutra theory (Trihumoural theory) which can be beneficial to boost our immunity against communicable diseases as recommended in ancient Siddha texts.

Effect of Physiotherapy on Hand Rehabilitation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Survivor: A Case Report

Abstract: Background: Ischemic injury to the brain caused by a sudden drop in blood supply causes over 80% of strokes. Large artery blockage occurs in about 25-35 percent of strokes, and patients in this category often have severe neurological impairments. The prognosis is bleak if treatment is not started right away. Imaging of the brain after a stroke is crucial for determining the extent of tissue damage and guiding treatment. Aim: To determine the effect of early hand rehabilitation post ischemic stroke. Presentation of Case: A 35-year-old woman with a history of hypertension acquired aphasia, left hemiplegia, and hemisensory loss all at the same time. She was sent to the hospital's emergency room. On CT the blockage of the right middle cerebral artery revealed an acute ischemic stroke. The Motor Assessment Scale is taken in which there is a hand function domain also to assess it. Discussion: There are many studies on hand rehabilitation, but usually we stated hand rehabilitation late. Our primary focus during rehabilitation is upper limb and lower limb, hand is a little neglected part. So, in this case study we will be focusing on early had rehabilitation. Conclusion: The case data confirms a diagnosis and appropriately planned physical rehabilitation care that resulted in a progressive improvement on STREAM Score, Motor Assessment Scale Score, Barthal index score and WHO-QOL score.

Psychological Distress as a Predictor for Weight Self-Stigma among Youth in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Abstract: Background: Weight-related self-stigma has well-known psychological consequences. There is growing evidence that psychological problems, including depression, anxiety, stress, predict the existence of weight stigma. The purpose of the present survey was to examine the association between weight self-stigma and psychological distress among Saudi young adults in Jazan region. Objectives: The rationale of this study was to investigate the correlation between weight self-stigmatization and psychological distress in young adults In Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional investigation using the wight-self stigma questionnaire (WSSQ) and the depression, anxiety, and stress scale 21 (DASS 21) in a convenience sample of 399 participants. The statistical analysis included descriptive analysis, independent-samples t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression. Expected Results: We hypothesize that there is correlation between weight self-stigma and psychological distress among young people In Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Results: The mean age was 21.12 years ± 2.91 years. Stigmatization of oneself weight (both self devaluing and enacted stigmatization concern) was significantly associated with respondents' body mass index (BMI) (p < .001), depression, anxiety, and stress (p < .001). There was a significant correlation between respondents' scores on the WSSQ and DASS 21. The main predictors for weight self-stigma were BMI (p < .001) and psychological distress (p < .001). Conclusion: The study revealed a strong association between weight self-stigma and psychological distress among young adults in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Further epidemiological and clinical studies on the national level are warranted.

Green Chemistry and Microwave Irradiation Technique: A Review

Abstract: Green Chemistry is a term used for the process of making chemical substances in a sustainable way. The aim of green chemistry is to minimize the hazardous footprint on the environment produced by manufacturing and production of various chemical compounds. Green chemistry focuses on using less toxic materials in synthesis of chemicals by increasing efficacy of chemical synthesis and minimizing waste production. The way forward with green chemistry includes use of various potent techniques like microwave irradiation technique. The use of microwave assisted technique has brought a revolution in the field of chemical study and manufacturing. Through this technique even minute compounds and molecules can be synthesized in a fraction of time. The microwave is primarily used in heating the chemical material by conduction and dipolar polarization. The use of microwave irradiation technique is regarded as a crucial element of green chemistry because it produces clean compounds without any residual toxins. The compounds produced are very efficient as they have higher yields and better reactivity and selectivity. The microwave irradiation technique is widely used in the field of nanotechnology as well.

Streptomyces peucetius M1 and Streptomyces lavendulae M3 Soil Isolates as a Promising Source for Antimicrobials Discovery

Abstract: The ever-increasing fatality due to the surge of drug resistance has demanded the development of therapeutic metabolites with novel modes of mechanism. Despite the discovery of new antimicrobials, antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate. The emergence of novel molecules is necessary for targeting the Multidrug (MDR) and Pan-Drug resistant (PDR) pathogens which are the principal cause of life-threatening infections. Streptomyces strains commonly found in the soil produce secondary metabolites which have outstanding potential for being an antifungal and antibacterial agent. This study aims to isolate, identify, and characterize Streptomyces strains isolated from soil and extract their crude metabolites to determine their hidden therapeutic property. Out of four isolates identified, Streptomyces peucetius and Streptomyces lavendulae have shown significant antimicrobial activity against test organisms. To further determine the activity of their extracts GC-MS analysis, and MIC, as well as radical scavenging activity, were determined. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of compounds 2,3-butanediol, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-4-carboxamide, and L-Lactic acid which are frequently associated with potent antimicrobial nature. The most vulnerable pathogen to M1 extract was Candida albicans with a MIC value of 7.8125 μg/mL while the susceptible bacteria to M3 extract included Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value of 3.90 μg/mL. The data obtained for antioxidant activity in the case of metabolic extracts M1 and M3 had an IC50 value of 43.17 µg/mL and 22.65 µg/mL respectively. The above findings hint at the unrealized potential of Streptomyces strains.

The Role of Alpha-1-acid Glycoprotein 2 Protein and the Underlying Orosomucoid 2 Gene in Different Diseases

Abstract: Alpha-1-Acid glycoprotein 2 (AGP2) or orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) is a major plasma protein. AGP2 is a member of the immunocalin family, a lipocalin subfamily expressed mainly in hepatocytes and also in astrocytes and endothelial cells. The detailed physiological role of this protein has not yet been known, but some physiological activates have been related to this protein, including drug binding and immunomodulating effects. As it belongs to the positive acute phase proteins (APP), AGP2 increases during acute phase reactions and under certain pathological conditions such as unspecific inflammatory stimulation. AGP2 play a critical role in many diseases throughout its critical biological pathways. This literature review evaluates and discusses the contribution of AGP2 in different diseases, including several types of cancer, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Causes and Risk Factors of Coccydynia in Postpartum Women in Dhq Sargodha

Abstract: Objective: This study investigated the causes and risk factors of coccydynia among postpartum women in Maula Bakhsh DHQ Sargodha. The main focus of the study was to identify what are the basic causes and risk factors of coccydynia. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study on 90 postpartum women from Maula Bakhsh DHQ Sargodha. Self-developed questionnaire was filled for data collection. Results: Highest percentages of coccydynia was found among age 30 and 35 i.e. 12.2%. Our study showed that out of the total population 68.9% women experienced coccydynia with C sections. 73.3% experienced coccydynia with increasing number of pregnancies (more than one pregnancy. 90% women experiencing pain preferred to sit on soft surface. Conclusion: This study concluded that multiple factors led to the development of coccydynia in postpartum women including number of C sections and increasing number of pregnancies.

RP HPLC Method Development for Simultaneous Estimation of Etoricoxib and Thiocolchicoside

Abstract: A simple, specific and accurate reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Etoricoxib and Thiocolchicoside in bulk and solid dosage form. Separation was achieved by Zorbax C-18 analytical column having dimension (250mm * 4.6 mm i.d 5.0 µm) using methanol and water (60:40) as mobile phase and flow rate was 0.7ml/min. The detection was carried out at 283 nm wavelength using UV detector. The total chromatographic sample time per analysis was about 14.0 minutes with thiocolchicoside eluted at retention time 3.523 min and etoricoxib eluted at retention time 9.627 min. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, rapid, reliable and reproducible. LOD and LOQ value for etoricoxib and thiocolchicoside were found to be 0.332, 0.996 ppm and 0976, 0.928 ppm respectively. Regression Equation for Etoricoxib was y = 0.006x + 0.149 and regression equation for thiocolchicoside was Y = 0.030x + 0.086. As the run time was increased the retention time was decreased, so the method is simple and economical and can be adopted by regular quality control in industries and also in research laboratories.

Outcomes of Intraplaque Verapamil Injection for Treatment of Peyronie’s Disease

Abstract: Objective: To determine the outcomes of intraplaque verapamil injection for treatment of Peyronie's disease. Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes & efficacy of intraplaque verapamil injection in Peyronie’s disease management. Methods: The quasi experimental study was conducted from July 2018 to July 2019 on a group of 26 subjects suffering from Peyronie's disease. After detailed history, complete physical and genital examination, the diagnosis was confirmed. After informed consent, questionnaires regarding pain and sexual satisfaction of patients were filled. All patients received verapamil injections on weekly basis for a period of 10 weeks. After that, all necessary variables were recorded and data analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Most of the patients in our study were in the age group of 30-65 years. 26.9 % patients were in the range of 51-55 years old. 53.8% patients got no effect of intralesional injection of verapamil on pain while pain relieved in 38.5% of patients & 7.7% patients experienced an increased in pain intensity after 10 weeks of intralesional injection of verapamil. 61.5%of patients satisfied with their sexual life after 10 week of injections & 30.8% of patients remained unsatisfied with their sexual life while in 7.7%of patients symptoms aggravated. 53.8% of patients experienced no change in size of lesion and curvature of penis, while 30.8% got less than 50% reduction in size of lesion while 15.4% of patients got more than 50% reduction in size after 10 weeks. Conclusion: This study concluded the efficacy of Verapamil injection for management of Peyronie’s disease.

Formulation and Evaluation of Aripiprazole Oral Disintegrating Tablets

Abstract: Aim: This work aims to develop oral disintegrating tablets from solid dispersion of aripiprazole that are capable of enhancing solubility. Methodology: Aripiprazole an antipsychotic is a BCS class IV drug with Oral bioavailability of 87%. To enhance the solubility of this drug the solid dispersions were prepared by using a combination of β-Cyclodextrin and PVP K30 in 1:1, 1:2 by using a physical mixture and solvent evaporation method. The prepared solid dispersions were analyzed for all the physical parameters and drug excipient interactions. The solid dispersion was optimized for the preparation of oral disintegrating tablets by direct compression technique using different concentrations of various natural super disintegrants namely Tapioca starch, Amorphophallus campanulactus, and synthetic super disintegrants namely Sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone. Results: FTIR showed that the drug and excipients are compatible with each other. Among all the solid dispersion formulations SCD6 (Drug: β-cyclodextrin) shows a high percentage of drug release i.e., 98.58±0.28% for 45 min, and solubility was found to be 0.954±0.32mg/ml. Percentage practical yield was found to be 98.36±0.14% and drug content was found to be 97.31±0.04%. SCD6 formulation was optimized for the preparation of oral disintegrating tablets. The post-compression parameters of all the prepared tablets were within the limits. Among all, F3 formulations containing tapioca starch, 7.5% were found to possess a better disintegration time (28±1.52sec) and in-vitro dissolution (98.64±0.29% for 45min). Conclusion: It can be concluded that solid dispersions of Aripiprazole incorporated in oral disintegrating tablets are a very useful approach for better release of Aripiprazole in an efficient manner.

Anti-Type I Diabetic Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Aegle marmelos on Streptozotocin Induced Rat Model

Abstract: Aegle marmelos, generally acknowledged as Bael, is being ancient in Ayurveda for the therapy of a number of disorders. All the components on it tree along with stem, bark, root, leaves, fruit and seeds at all stages of maturity have medicinal virtues and have been recorded in Ethno-medicine. Aims: The present investigation study the Anti-Type I diabetic activity of the methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos on STZ induced rat model. Study Design: In-vivo study in rat model Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Karnataka college of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India, between Jan 2021 to Dec 2021. Methodology: Extracted Aegle marmelos was to be evaluated the toxicity as per the OECD guidelines and biochemical, hematological and gross pathological analysis has been assessed. Type I Diabetes has been induced in Wistar rats through STZ 65mg/kg/b.w. I.P. During the experiment, Rat’s BW and FBS level were monitored. At the end of study, animals among all groups namely Group I: Normal control, Group II: STZ 65mg/kg, Group III: STZ + Insulin 4Ukg/b.w., Group IV: Aegle marmelos 250mg/kg and Group V: Aegle marmelos 500mg/kg were sacrificed and biochemical parameters like Lipid profile, C-Peptide, HbA1c, Serum insulin, pancreatic insulin, and histology of pancreas had been observed. Aegle marmelos was also screened for pro-inflammatory cytokines viz., IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed by ELISA test. Furthermore, Antioxidant Enzyme like SOD, CAT, LPO and GSH were performed. Results: The observed extract Aegle marmelos was shown safe in the toxicity data; B.W, Lipid Profile, RFT, LFT, hematological parameters were shown in the limit range and the vital organ tissue histology were not shown any anatomical and structural abnormalities. The findings of the other parameters have been shown significant impact in vivo to manage the diabetic markers like weight gain, blood glucose, lipid profile, C-Peptide, HbA1c, secretion of insulin, and pancreatic insulin. Diabetic pancreas of rats confirmed fall of beta cell density and disruption of normal architecture. But treated group were found to restore the mass of beta cells. Mediator of inflammatory cytokines like increased in STZ group and was inhibited by test chemicals. Elevated oxidative enzymes also have been seen to control upon the treatment with Aegle marmelos. Conclusion: All this findings and phytoconstituents present within the extract should be the possible chemical substances concerned in the prevention of diabetes.

Review of Fast-dissolving Tablets - A New Era in Brand-new Drug Delivery Systems

Abstract: Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade, and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. Oral drug delivery remains the preferred route for administration of various drugs. Recent developments in the technology have prompted scientists to develop FDTs with improved patient compliance and convenience. Upon introduction into the mouth, these tablets dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in the absence of additional water for easy administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The popularity and usefulness of the formulation resulted in development of several FDT technologies. FDTs are solid unit dosage forms, which disintegrate or dissolve rapidly in the mouth without chewing and water. FDTs, or orally disintegrating tablets, are highly helpful for children and old people who have trouble swallowing standard pills and capsules .This review focuses on lyophilization, moulding, sublimation, and compaction FDT methods, as well as efforts to enhancing FDT qualities, such as spray drying and the usage of disintegrants. Taste-masking technology, experimental disintegration time measurements, and dissolution are also addressed.

Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Chalcones and Its Derivatives for Antileishmanial Activity

Abstract: Medicinal chemistry is almost always geared toward drug discovery and development. The focus on development of new synthetic drug compounds has resulted in the incorporation of many other disciplines, such as biochemistry, combinatorial chemistry, chemical biology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, enzymology, pharmacognosy, statistics, physical chemistry and molecular biology into medicinal chemistry. In this view medicinal chemists are also trying to speed up drug discovery process for finding the lead molecule [1]. The compounds with chalcone as backbone have been reported to possess varied biological and pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, antitumor, antimalarial, antitubercular, antiviral, anti-HIV, antiulcerative, antileishmanial activities. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is transmitted through the bite of female phlebotomine sandflies and can range from mild self-healing cutaneous lesions to lethal visceral leishmaniasis. Lic A (1), efficiently inhibited the proliferation of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro by inhibiting fumarate reductase (Chen et al. 1993), a selective target present in the parasite mitochondria. The Lic C (113) inhibited the growth of the L. major parasite to the same extent as Lic A (1) (Nielson et al. 1995).

Evaluation of Repeated Dose (Sub Chronic) Toxicity Study of Shilasindur Prepared by Two Different Methods Along with Its Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract: Introduction: Rasaushadhies (metal and mineral) preparations are unique preparations that include Bhasma, herbo-mineral preparations and Kupipakwa rasayana hold a significant place in Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. Nearly 70 % of formulations include a combination of one or more metallic/mineral with several herbs which have a supporting role in improving efficacy, relieving symptoms of the disease and to achieve long and healthy life. Shilasindur is a one of the Kupipakwa rasayana containing mercury, sulphur and arsenic disulphide and indicated in skin disorders, respiratory tract disorders and other infectious diseases. Aim and Objectives: Evaluation of repeated dose (Sub chronic) toxicity study of Shilasindur along with its characterization and antimicrobial activity. Materials & Methods: Shilasindur will be prepared in three batches as per classical reference and by using Electric Muffle furnace. The prepared formulation will be assessed with Organoleptic characters, physicochemical parameters and ICP – AES (Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Sub chronic toxicity study will be carried out according to the OECD guidelines 408 and 452 as well as CCRAS guidelines of safety and toxicity. Epsilometer test (E-test) will be used to check antimicrobial activity of Shilasindur. Results: The analytical parameters will be assessed to establish the pharmaceutical standardization. Toxicity study will be done in three doses to ensure its safety. Statistical analysis will be done by applying unpaired t-test and ANOVA test. Conclusion: If significant positive results obtained in this work then it will be a valuable contribution and evidence that the drug Shilasindur is safe for consumption at treatment doses.

Factors Affecting the Uptake of Combination Therapy for the Treatment of COVID-19

Abstract: Aims: To analyze factors affecting the use of a combination of herbs and medication or supplements for COVID-19 treatment among self-isolation patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to 268 COVID-19 patients with home self-isolation in Indonesia. Data were collected by using a google form questionnaire, consisting of closed-formatted and open-ended questions, from October 9th to December 9th, 2021. A multivariate analysis was performed using a logistic regression test. Results: The proportion of COVID-19 patients who used a combination of herbs and medication or supplements was 78.4%. Vitamin C, vitamin D, and paracetamol were the medication and supplements most frequently taken by patients. The most commonly consumed herbs were honey (70.7%), ginger (50.18%), and saffron (26.74%). The multivariate analysis results showed that the duration of infection, sunbathing activities, and marital status were factors significantly associated with the use of a combination of herbs and medication or supplements (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study highlighted that most COVID-19 patients used herbs in combination with medication or supplements for their treatment. Therefore, there is a necessity for education, especially for patients and health professionals about the potential herb-drug interactions.