Showing papers in "Journal of Planning Literature in 2002"

Impervious Surfaces and Water Quality: A Review of Current Literature and Its Implications for Watershed Planning

Abstract: Impervious surfaces have for many years been recognized as an indicator of the intensity of the urban environment and, with the advent of urban sprawl, they have become a key issue in habitat health. Although a considerable amount of research has been done to define impervious thresholds for water quality degradation, there are a number of flaws in the assumptions and methodologies used. Given refinement of the methodology, accurate and usable parameters for preventative watershed planning can be developed, which include impervious surface thresholds and a balance between pervious and impervious surfaces within a watershed.

Does Sustainable Development Offer a New Direction for Planning? Challenges for the Twenty-First Century

Abstract: The practice and scholarship of planning has shifted from physical design to process. Process emphasizes diversity, openness, and consensus but is not fully equipped to offer a shared vision in political arenas dominated by fragmentation and conflict. Newurbanism has revived the idea that planning is about physical design, but this concept does not fully embrace a holistic vision of community building. This article explains howsustainable development extends the positive attributes of the first two approaches and offers a multigenerational vision of community building. This vision integrates multiple societal values and enhances local imagination, understanding, and commitment to defining solutions for the common good.

Visualization Tools and Methods in Community Planning: From Freehand Sketches to Virtual Reality

Abstract: As new computerized visualization tools become available, planning professionals who engage in public participation planning must have a practical understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of each tool in order to choose the ones appropriate for a given context. This article reviews both traditional and computerized visualization tools and attempts to provide a general map for planners as they navigate through the multitude of options that currently exist for visualization in public participation planning. The article is organized around a conceptual model that shows the relationship between eight visualization tools (four traditional and four computerized) and two types of communication media.

Later-Life Migration in the United States: A Review of Recent Research

Abstract: This bibliography summarizes the most important recent literature on elderly migration and retirement migration in the U.S. and Canada, providing an interdisciplinary reviewof articles published between January 1990 and December 2000. It describes and evaluates 232 studies dealing with migration theory and methods, the determinants of later-life mobility, patterns of migration, destination choice, consequences of migration, local and regional development, seasonal migration, return migration, and related topics.

Induced Travel Demand: Research Design, Empirical Evidence, and Normative Policies

Abstract: Claims of induced travel demand have seemingly paralyzed the ability to rationalize road development in the United States Methodological issues related to resolution of analysis, measurement, spec

Subsidized Housing and Neighborhood Impacts: A Theoretical Discussion and Review of the Evidence:

Abstract: This review evaluates the perception that subsidized housing results in negative neighborhood impacts by considering four commonly studied putative impacts of subsidized housing location: property values, racial transition, poverty concentration, and crime. The authors assess theoretical and methodological bases for discerning impacts and determine which study results inspire confidence. Research reveals a relationship between the presence of subsidized housing and both property values and crime in certain circumstances, with both positive and negative impacts, and suggests that the presence of subsidized housing does not lead to racial transition. Research on the impact of subsidized housing on poverty concentration is too flawed methodologically to permit conclusions. Future research must, among other steps, control for variability of impacts across types of neighborhoods, use data that distinguish between residents of subsidized and nonsubsidized housing, and take into account changing attitudes as well as the context in which housing is proposed.

Natural Amenity-Led Development and Rural Planning

Abstract: Rural America’s economy, culture, and landscape have entered a period of sustained and dramatic change. Patterns of land use and the context of development are increasingly driven by natural resour...

Information Technology and Urban Form

Abstract: This article explores the link between information technology (IT) and urban form. It does this by examining recent literature pertaining to two urban theorizing traditions: the deconcentration and economic-restructuring schools. Whereas in the deconcentration school, IT–urban form relationships are the newest stage in a sequence of technological innovations in transportation and communications posing new challenges to the geography of accessibility, in the restructuring school, these relationships are theorized as pervasive sociotechnical change transforming the organization of production, institutions, and everyday life. Despite their paradigmatic differences, both schools explore urban decentralization and/or centralization questions and identify urban dispersing effects related to synergies between IT and the automobile society. The author uses a Dutch and a U.S. case to illustrate the challenges that informational or New Economy development pose to urban and regional planning.

Western European Landscape Protection Western European Approaches to Landscape Protection: A Review of the Literature

Abstract: Western Europeans, by virtue of living in relatively small and densely populated countries, have learned how to protect lands where there is little pristine nature or state ownership. The results a...

ePlanning: A Snapshot of the Literature on Using the World Wide Web in Urban Planning:

Abstract: The phrase e Commerce is now widely used to describe new business relationships and extensions to existing business made possible by the Internet. The task of planning and managing cities has associated with it a set of activities and relationships that can be as complex as in commerce. The authors use the term e Planning to describe using the Internet to advance urban planning and management and have assembled a snapshot of the extensive and growing literature on this topic. This limited snapshot provides a sense of the breadth of literature that is available and also points to some of the key contributions to this important area of scholarly and professional endeavor.

Gender, Power, and Reproduction: Rural-Urban Differences in the Relationship Between Fertility Goals and Contraceptive Use in Kenya

Abstract: Rural-urban variances in fertility-related phenomena traditionally are explained by differences in access to contraception and by spatial variations in reproductive goals. As a corollary, changes in existing supply- and demand-side inequities should enable rural women to attain their reproductive goals to the same extent as their urban counterparts. We find, however, that reproductive decisions in rural areas reflect entrenched male dominance, such that the gender inequality in decision making must be redressed if rural women are to realize their fertility goals as fully as urban women.

Commentary on Information Technology and Planning

Abstract: Many of us would like to believe that good planning decisions naturally arise from well-thought-out, orderly processes, so sometimes we get surprised when they emerge from a form of “muddling through.” The origin of this special issue is more like the second process, the result of receiving two complementary articles on information technology (IT) at about the same time. Kheir Al-Kodmany’s article, “Visualization Tools and Methods in Community Planning: From Freehand Sketches to Virtual Reality,” sets up a critical framework on how IT can support participatory planning, whereas Ivonne Audirac’s paper, “Information Technology and Urban Form,” reviews the literature on how IT might affect urban form and function. I saw the possibility that we could produce a special issue and approached our journal editor, Jack Nasar. With this idea in mind, he and our Council of Planning Librarians (CPL) editor, Jane McMaster, requested a CPL on the literature of IT and planning. The result, “CPL 367: ePlanning: A Snapshot of the Literature on Using the World Wide Web in Urban Planning,” was completed by Kanjanee Budthimedhee, Jinghuan Li, and R. Varrki George. Although the Journal of Planning Literature (JPL) has covered IT in past issues, with such articles as “CPL Bibliography 362: Virtual Reality and Urban Simulation in Planning” (Simpson 2001), and “Worker Telecommunications and Mobility in Transition” (Helling and Mokhtarian 2001), the present issue is the first to concentrate on IT and planning. The interest in using IT to support the planning process and environmental design continues to grow. Technologies such as videoteleconferencing, electronic communication, data transfer, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become widely accepted and appreciated in the design and planning professions. On the horizon are systems generally referred to as Decision Support Systems (DSS). Within the planning discipline, terms for these systems include Planning Support Systems (PSS) (Klosterman 1997), Geographic Information Science (GISc) (Batty 2002), and Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) (Carver 2001). Although each term may refer to a somewhat different aspect, taken as a group, these terms refer to using a combination of IT tools to enhance the collection, presentation, and analysis of information and alternatives in the planning process, as well as providing the means to increase public participation. The challenges to incorporating these systems remain formidable. In addition to the technical sophistication required, there has to be a similar commitment to investing in, learning, and teaching these tools. One way in which such complexity might be controlled is to implement a toolbox of techniques, rather than a fully integrated system. This approach provides flexibility and adaptability—essential attributes in a participatory planning process (Geertman 2002). AlKodmany’s article makes an important contribution as it relates technical tools to the traditional methods planners and designers have long used. Separating these new tools into those similar to pen and paper, maps,