Showing papers in "Journal of Social Psychology in 1984"
TL;DR: The authors made an examination of the response sets of a total of 1647 expatriate and local managers from nine countries who were respondents to a study of stereotyping undertaken in American, British, and Japanese firms in Singapore, and in British, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand.
Abstract: Summary An examination was made of the response sets of a total of 1647 expatriate and local managers from nine countries who were respondents to a study of stereotyping undertaken in American, British, and Japanese firms in Singapore, and in Japanese firms in Britain, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. The data consisted of responses to semantic differential items. There were marked differences between various nationalities in terms of their tendency to use extreme responses and midpoint responses. Moreover, age and education were shown to have an effect in certain instances.
155 citations
123 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two matched groups of British and Malaysian Ss completed the Mirels-Garrett Protestant ethic scale on which high scores indicate strong beliefs in the Protestant work ethic (PWE) and low scores, weak beliefs.
Abstract: Summary Two matched groups of British (N = 73) and Malaysian (N = 73) Ss completed the Mirels-Garrett Protestant ethic scale on which high scores indicate strong beliefs in the Protestant work ethic (PWE) and low scores, weak beliefs. Although there was no significant difference in scores between the three ethnic groups comprising the Malaysian sample (Malay, Indian, Chinese), there were large significant differences between the British and Malaysians: the former had less belief in the PWE. There were also significant sex differences—females had higher scores than males—and socioeconomic differences—working-class Ss had higher scores than middle-class Ss. The results are interpreted in terms of the previous studies of the Protestant work ethic in Asia and the social, cultural, and economic differences between Britain and Malaysia.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured ingratiating behavior toward three hypothetical target persons (a stranger, a friend, and a boss) for the purpose of obtaining attention, rewards, and benefits from the target.
Abstract: Summary One hundred ten male undergraduates responded on a scale measuring ingratiating behavior toward three hypothetical target persons—a stranger, a friend, and a boss—for the purpose of obtaining attention, rewards, and benefits from the target. The scale included seven major ingratiation tactics: other-enhancement, opinion conformity, self-enhancement, self-depreciation, instrumental dependency, name dropping, and situation-specific behaviors. Ss showed more ingratiation responses toward the boss than toward the stranger or the friend. Differences in ingratiation response toward stranger and friend were not very clear: except for other-enhancement and name dropping, ingratiation responses toward stranger and friend were not different. Significant correlational results imply that Ss who were highly ingratiating toward one target person were also highly ingratiating toward other target persons.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the separationability of Attitudinal and Normative Influences on Behavioral Intentions in the Fishbein-Ajzen Model was discussed, and the authors concluded that the separation between these two types of influences is not as strong as one might assume.
Abstract: (1984). Separability of Attitudinal and Normative Influences on Behavioral Intentions in the Fishbein-Ajzen Model. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 122, No. 2, pp. 287-288.
76 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that number of friends using drugs and quality of relationships with parents were most frequently related to drug use patterns, and level of moral reasoning was found to be independent ofdrug use patterns.
Abstract: A longitudinal study on drug usage was conducted to examine the differences among teenagers who were stable nonusers, decreased to nonuse, decreased to alcohol and marijuana use only, increased to drug use, and were stable users Three surveys given to the sample of 123 adolescents over a two-year period included measures of drug use, perceived drug use of friends, relationships with mother and father, self-esteem, attitudes toward social interdependence, and level of moral reasoning The results indicate that number of friends using drugs and quality of relationships with parents were most frequently related to drug use patterns Attitudes toward social interdependence and self-esteem were somewhat related to pattern of drug use Level of moral reasoning was found to be independent of drug use patterns
57 citations
TL;DR: Elicitation interviews on the topic of "cabin fever" were carried out with a sample of 35 Minnesota men and women, ages 17 to 84 as discussed by the authors, with a focus on cabin fever.
Abstract: Elicitation interviews on the topic of “cabin fever” were carried out with a sample of 35 Minnesota men and women, ages 17 to 84. Informant conceptions of cabin fever overlapped but were not identi...
51 citations
47 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the first impressions that black American college students (24 males and 24 females) expressed towards facial photographs of black males and females representing three levels of physical attractiveness, and three stereotypes were evident among blacks: at higher levels of attractiveness, stimulus persons were judged to have more socially desirable personalities and greater potential for the future.
Abstract: Summary Although numerous studies of physical attractiveness stereotyping have been conducted among American whites, little research has explored such processes among blacks. Using a standard person-perception paradigm, the present experiment examined the first impressions that black American college students (24 males and 24 females) expressed towards facial photographs of black males and females representing three levels of physical attractiveness. Consistent with the research on whites, three stereotypes were evident among blacks: At higher levels of attractiveness, stimulus persons were judged to have more socially desirable personalities and greater potential for the future. More attractive women were thought to be more sex-typed. Finally, on the negative side, attractiveness also conveyed a self-centered, “bourgeois” orientation (materialistic, unsympathetic with oppressed people) and conveyed less potential for parental competence and marital stability.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of touching different locations of the body on helping behavior was examined, and the female C received greater help than the male C, and more help from male Ss than female Ss.
Abstract: Summary The influence of touching different locations of the body on helping behavior was examined. One hundred females and 100 males walking in shopping males were interviewed by either a female or male confederate (C). At the end of the interview, the C touched the S on either the shoulder, the upper arm, the lower arm, the hand, or did not touch the S, and immediately after dropped several survey forms. The greatest helping behavior was received when the female C touched male and female Ss on the upper arm, with almost all males helping when touched on this area. However, the male C received about the same level of help regardless of where he touched the Ss, or if he did not touch them. The female C received greater help than the male C, and more help from male Ss than female Ss.
41 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the independence of each concept Ray's Directiveness Scale and the author's two measures of acceptance of authority, the short General Attitude to Institutional Authority Scale, and the Authority Behavior Inventory, were administered to 114 college students.
Abstract: Summary Authoritarianism is defined anew as a combination of high directiveness and a strongly pro-attitude to authority. To examine the independence of each concept Ray's Directiveness Scale and the author's two measures of acceptance of authority, the short General Attitude to Institutional Authority Scale and the Authority Behavior Inventory, were administered to 114 college students. In addition, Ss were asked to rate each other according to eight behavioral criteria, half relating to directiveness and half to acceptance of authority. The Authority Behavior Inventory correlated highly with the attitude to authority scale (.76) but nonsignificantly with the Directiveness Scale (-.11). Discriminant validity was also obtained for all three measures with six of the eight peer-group ratings. It was concluded that future research into authoritarianism might usefully employ measures of acceptance of authority (either attitude scales or behavioral inventories) and directiveness, in a complementary manner.
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the effects of controversy and concurrence-seeking in cooperative learning groups was conducted with 36 engineering students, in order to clarify the role of controversy by examining oral interaction among group members.
Abstract: Summary A study of the effects of controversy and concurrence-seeking in cooperative learning groups was conducted with 36 engineering students, in order to clarify the role of controversy by examining oral interaction among group members. Two controversial issues were studied and discussed for five days each: (a) hazardous waste (dispose vs eliminate) and (b) energy production (coal vs nuclear). At the end of each instructional period the students wrote a report, and completed an achievement test and an attitude survey. Trained observers recorded the oral interaction among the group members. Achievement and attitudes were similar for the two conditions, indicating that controversy did not have a negative effect. More of the oral interactions were elaborative in the controversy condition, whereas more were informative in the concurrence-seeking condition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the similarity of factor structure was compared between a British and an American community, and the cultural relativity of the community concept was discussed in relation to the need for empirical validation of community measurement.
Abstract: Community Satisfaction Scale scores from a British and an American community were compared for similarity of factor structure. Factors did not replicate in the two data sets. Results are discussed in relation to the cultural relativity of the community concept and the need for empirical validation of community measurement.
TL;DR: The results indicate that cooperative learning experiences promoted higher achievement and greater interpersonal attraction between handicapped and nonhandicapped students, as well as more cross-handicap interaction focused on supporting and regulating efforts to learn and to ensure involvement of all students in the learning tasks.
Abstract: Summary In order to test whether nonhandicapped students reject or dislike lower-achieving handicapped peers with whom they collaborate 48 students (36 nonhandicapped and 12 handicapped) were assigned to cooperative or individualistic conditions 55 minutes a day for 15 instructional days. The results indicate that cooperative learning experiences promoted higher achievement and greater interpersonal attraction between handicapped and nonhandicapped students, as well as more cross-handicap interaction focused on supporting and regulating efforts to learn and to ensure involvement of all students in the learning tasks.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was hypothesized that less socially desirable (less altruistic) responses would be obtained in a mail survey than in a face-to-face interview, and the hypothesis was confirmed.
Abstract: Summary Ss in equity experiments are known to give more egoistic and less socially desirable responses when in a more private experimental situation than when in a less private one. It was hypothesized that less socially desirable (less altruistic) responses would be obtained in a mail survey than in a face-to-face interview. In a study among Dutch Ss (N = 216), the hypothesis was confirmed, indicating that visibility of response is an important mediating factor in equity research and that data in an equity experiment preferably should be gathered without experimenter-subject interaction unless public behavior instead of private preferences is to be measured.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a review of alternative conceptions of the California F scale is presented, and an account of recent attempts to produce a balanced version of the F scale has been given, concluding that this problem has now been substantially solved.
Abstract: Summary Because of the widely-acknowledged validity problems with the California F scale, it seems important to explore what alternative methods are available for the measurement of authoritarianism. Thirty-seven scales are reviewed which offer alternative conceptions to the F scale. Although uneven in quality, some seem to offer considerable potential for future research use. An account of recent attempts to produce a balanced version of the F scale is also given which concludes that this problem has now been substantially solved.
TL;DR: Patient-staff interaction increased, as expected, immediately following the remodeling of a woman's psychiatric geriatric ward; but patients also displayed increased hostility and tension as well as decreased sociability and self-maintenance skills.
Abstract: Summary In an effort to provide a more humane environment and improve adaptive behavior, the dayroom of a woman's psychiatric geriatric ward was refurbished and remodeled. Observations of patient behavior were conducted over a 10-week period in both the remodeled women's ward and a nonaltered comparison ward comprised of similarly dysfunctional male geriatric patients. Patient-staff interaction increased, as expected, immediately following the remodeling; but patients also displayed increased hostility and tension as well as decreased sociability and self-maintenance skills. Five weeks later, however, it was found that pathological behavior had decreased below the level found prior to remodeling. None of these changes was observed on the comparison ward. In addition, interviews indicated that environmental enhancement improved morale among both patients and staff. Findings are discussed in relation to the Lawton-Nahemow Adaptation Theory, future research needs in this area, and prior research on the thera...
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that the annual percentage of parapsychological contributions to the psychological literature is correlated positively with the unemployment rate, negatively with the disposable per capita income in constant dollars, and positively with subjective threat weightings of historians and social critics.
Abstract: Summary Environmental threat has been suggested as one of the major causes of high authoritarianism. One aspect of the authoritarian personality is the maintenance of superstition, defined as the belief in “mystical or fantastic external determinants of the individual's fate.” The focus of research on parapsychological phenomena in essence seems to satisfy this definition. Consequently, it was hypothesized that the annual percentage of parapsychological contributions to the psychological literature (a) is correlated positively with the unemployment rate, (b) is correlated negatively with the disposable per capita income in constant dollars, and (c) is correlated positively with the subjective “annual threat weightings” of historians (n = 3) and social critics (n = 1). Analyses were based on the years 1929–75. All hypotheses were supported. Hierarchical stepwise regression indicated that the four predictors accounted for 41% of the variance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the association between husbands' work-related experiences (job involvement, job satisfaction, and perceptions of organizational climate) and their wives' marital satisfaction was assessed and multiple regression analysis revealed that husbands' perceptions of the organizational climate and their job satisfaction were related to their spouses' satisfaction in a significant, positive, and linear manner.
Abstract: Despite persistent suggestions that excessive work involvement or negative work-related experiences would have an adverse influence on the marital relationship, no conclusive empirical data support this assumption. The association between 50 husbands' work-related experiences (job involvement, job satisfaction, and perceptions of organizational climate) and their wives' marital satisfaction was assessed. Multiple regression analysis revealed that husbands' perceptions of the organizational climate and their job satisfaction were related to their spouses' marital satisfaction in a significant, positive, and linear manner.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed self-disclosure patterns of Anglo and Mexican Americans according to frequency of reported selfdisclosure, preferred topics (whether about taste, attitude, personality, or money) and preferred targets (whether to mother, father, male friend, or female friend).
Abstract: Summary Self-disclosure patterns of Anglo and Mexican Americans were analyzed according to frequency of reported self-disclosure, preferred topics (whether about taste, attitude, personality, or money) and preferred targets (whether to mother, father, male friend, or female friend). Administrator ethnicity and gender were varied so that the interaction of these examiner variables with S gender and ethnicity could be analyzed. Further, the relationship between degree of acculturation and reported self-disclosure was investigated. Results revealed that females reported significantly more disclosure than males. Interestingly, no overall ethnic differences in reported self-disclosure were obtained, although there were several significant administrator × S ethnicity interactions. Acculturation was significantly correlated to reported self-disclosure in some instances.
TL;DR: In this article, Ordinary least squares regression estimates were made of two cross-lagged models to assess McClelland's contention that n Ach (need for achievement) is a cause of economic development and not a result of economic growth.
Abstract: Summary Ordinary least squares regression estimates were made of two cross-lagged models to assess McClelland's contention that n Ach (need for achievement) is a cause of economic development and not a result of economic development. Results of the analysis suggested partial support for McClelland's contention. However, results indicated that n Ach had a much smaller effect on economic development than originally reported by McClelland. It was concluded that the link between n Ach and economic development has been overstated by McClelland and some of his theoretical opponents.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Munich means were compared with means obtained from large city-dwellers in other countries, and the German respondents were found to have exceptionally low scores on achievement motivation and on the F scale, even though they saw high scores on the latter as socially desirable as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Summary Now that a valid measure of authoritarianism and a successfully balanced version of the California F scale are available, it seems a matter of interest to apply both to a sample from the society that gave the impetus for developing the concept of authoritarianism. Short forms of both scales plus short scales of ethnocentrism, neuroticism, achievement motivation, and social desirability set were applied to a random cluster sample of 136 people living in the Munich conurbation in Bavaria (where Hitler rose to power) in early 1982. When the Munich means were compared with means obtained from large-city-dwellers in other countries, the German respondents were found to have exceptionally low scores on achievement motivation and on the F scale, even though they saw high scores on the latter as socially desirable. Their scores on authoritarian personality (the Directive-ness scale) were, however, within the normal Western range. Prejudice against “Gastarbeiter” (immigrant workers) was positively correlat...
TL;DR: Results indicate that intergroup cooperation promoted more inclusion of handicapped students and more cross-handicap relationships.
Abstract: Intergroup cooperation and intergroup competition were compared to determine whether they promoted systematic differences in interaction patterns and interpersonal attraction between high- and low-status students. Fifty-one fourth-grade students were assigned to conditions on a stratified random basis with handicap status and sex controlled. They participated in a study for 55 minutes a day for 10 instructional days. The results indicate that intergroup cooperation promoted more inclusion of handicapped students and more cross-handicap relationships.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the best mental health was shown by undifferentiated respondents (those who tended to say that sexually polarized self-descriptions were inapplicable tributes), and it was found to correlate strongly with neuroticism, lack of assertiveness, and lack of self-esteem.
Abstract: Previous research on androgyny has focused heavily on college-student populations and has used measuring instruments open to several methodological criticisms. The present research used a random postal sample (N = 214) of an entire state and a modified form of a new sex role inventory by Antill, Cunningham, Russell, and Thompson (1981). The modifications were designed to control against acquiescent response bias. Only a minority of the items discriminated the male and female respondents, making scale construction difficult. Two 12-item inventories of male and female orientation were produced but without balancing against acquiescence. Femininity was found to correlate strongly with neuroticism, lack of assertiveness, and lack of self-esteem. Masculine orientation, however, also went with low self-esteem and low assertiveness. It was concluded that the best mental health was shown by undifferentiated respondents (those who tended to say that sexually polarized self-descriptions were inapplicable t...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the dimensionality of the revised Community Satisfaction Scale (CSS) among residents of a Southeastern American community and found that the meaning and structure of community satisfaction is multidimensional and variable within and between populations.
Abstract: Summary This study examined the dimensionality of the revised Community Satisfaction Scale (CSS) among residents of a Southeastern American community. A random sample of 250 persons was interviewed by trained interviewers with the use of a survey instrument of 54 CSS items and demographic information. Item-total correlations and Cronbach's coefficient alpha were used as scaling criteria, and the resulting scale was factor analyzed. Large differences were noted in the dimensionality of the scale between a Midwestern American community and British new town. The differences concerned the number of factors identified as well as the nature of those factors. The results indicated that the meaning and structure of community satisfaction is multidimensional and variable within and between populations. The implications of the findings for theories of environmental perception, planning, and community change were discussed.
TL;DR: This article tested the Eagly et al. paradigm in a commercial advertising context, using 150 undergraduate subjects who viewed bogus advertisements, and some evidence for more elaborate information processing as a consequence of expectancy disconfirmation is presented.
Abstract: Eagly, Chaiken, and Wood (1981) have proposed that, because communicators commonly argue for their vested interests, message recipients develop biased expectations. When these expectations are disconfirmed (when communicators seem to argue against their own interests), source credibility and message acceptance are thought to be enhanced. This study tested the Eagly et al. paradigm in a commercial advertising context, using 150 undergraduate subjects who viewed bogus advertisements. The model received general support, and some evidence for more elaborate information processing as a consequence of expectancy disconfirmation is presented. Arguments about intangible (styling) product features are shown to present particular problems.