Showing papers in "Journal of Sociology in 1986"
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the original form of the authenticity notion, which was proposed by Heidman, is the same as the authenticity concept used in this paper.
Abstract: The major emphasis in this article is the development of the authen ticity concept in tourist experiences. It is argued that the original form of the authenticity notion, which was proposed by Heid...
253 citations
TL;DR: One Australian in five is an immigrant, and almost as many again are the children of immigrants as discussed by the authors. Most have done well in Australia, but some, particularly Mediterranean immigrants, have not.
Abstract: One Australian in five is an immigrant, and almost as many again are the children of immigrants. Most have done well in Australia, but some, particularly Mediterranean immigrants, have not. This pa...
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on one social pre-condition: the way in which organisational arrangements for counter-disaster operations are dependent upon the prevalent attitudes of what con stitutes a disaster.
Abstract: Disaster is a social product. The propensity for disaster is dependent upon the interplay between humans and their use of the physical and social world. Within this perspective disaster can be seen in broader ecological terms to be an expression of the vulnerability of human society. Vulnerability is contingent upon social pre conditions. This paper focuses on one social pre-condition: the way in which organisational arrangements for counter-disaster operations are dependent upon the prevalent attitudes of what con stitutes a disaster. It is argued that parameters need to be developed for different levels of social crisis periods, and organised counter measures need to be oriented towards these different levels. An attempt has been made to distinguish between accident, emergency, and disaster by employing a set of specific criteria.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study revealed that leisure patterns were associated with age, gender, education, income and marital status, and it was concluded that contemporary welfare state policies which are designed to change people's attitudes toward "lifestyle" do not alter structural factors that shape people's leisure behaviour.
Abstract: Secondary analysis of a national survey was used to investigate the ‘democratisation of leisure’ in Australia. Contrary to the democratisation thesis, which suggests that leisure has mainly become a matter of ‘individual taste℉, the study revealed that leisure patterns were associated with age, gender, education, income and marital status. It was concluded that contemporary welfare state policies which are designed to change people's attitudes toward ‘lifestyle’ do nothing to alter structural factors that shape people's leisure behaviour. It is argued that unless structural inequalities are reduced or eliminated, it is unlikely that leisure patterns in Australia will become democratic.
41 citations
TL;DR: The primary argument of the first section of this paper is that the frustrations of nursing are over-determined by a range of structural and ideological features which conspire to limit the professional autonomy of the nurse at the bedside and the focus of the vocabulary of complaint is this lack of work-context autonomy with respect to the patient under the general surveillance of the medical profession.
Abstract: A large body of research has fully documented the contradictions and problems of nursing with special reference to the job context of nursing activities in bureaucratic hospital organisations. In t...
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of the two most recently developed prestige scales, in terms of their methodological and practical advantages and disadvantages, based on the findings of the application of these scales to father's occupation obtained from a random sample of children's birth records, is discussed.
Abstract: Despite the unresolved controversy over the validity of using occupational prestige scales to provide a measure of 'social class', or position in the social structure, researches continue to use such scales for this purpose. The objective of this paper is to assist such researchers in selecting an appropriate scale for their data by outlining the construction and uses made of those scales developed in Australia. It also provides a comparison of the two most recently developed scales, in terms of their methodological and practical advantages and disadvantages, based on the findings of the application of these scales to father's occupation obtained from a random sample of children's birth records. Selection of an appropriate scale is discussed further in relation to the objectives of a study and the type of data available.
25 citations
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TL;DR: This attachment to inherited names appears much stronger as soon as we consider realities of a less material order as discussed by the authors, because the transformation in such cases almost always takes place too slowly to be perceptible to the very men affected by them.
Abstract: this attachment to inherited names appears much stronger as soon as we consider realities of a less material order. That is because the transformation in such cases almost always takes place too slowly to be perceptible to the very men affected by them. They feel no need to change the label, because the change of content escapes them.
21 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the conflicts experienced by women as they attempt to fulfil the motherhood role and found that being a person and being a mother can be experienced as mutually exclusive, especially where there is a high level of idealism about motherhood.
Abstract: This paper examines two conflicting moral imperatives: mothers are the people best equipped to raise their own children; and women are people and have a right to their own lives. Based on interviews with women with small children, this paper looks at the conflicts experienced by these women as they attempt to fulfil the motherhood role. It is found that being a person and being a mother can be experienced as mutually exclusive, especially where there is a high level of idealism about motherhood. We conclude that it is not the mothering of small children or motherhood per se that leads to the feelings of ambivalence on the part of mothers: it is mothering under a certain set of conditions (in the isolation of the nuclear family) and with a particular set of beliefs about womanhood and motherhood that leads to conflict and loss of self.
18 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the concep tualisation of culture, race and ethnicity in the new ethnicist framework, and argued that forms of ethnocease are not necessarily the same as others.
Abstract: This is the first of a two-part analysis which explores the concep tualisation of culture, 'race' and ethnicity. 1 Writings situated within the new ethnicist framework contend that forms of ethnoce...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, structural pluralism on an ethnic basis is examined in Australian cities, with particular reference to metropolitan Sydney, and the evidence is that with the men, limited structural divergence from host society men exists, although there is more divergence with the southern European womenfolk.
Abstract: This paper seeks to ascertain whether structural pluralism on an ethnic basis is present in Australian cities, with particular reference to metropolitan Sydney. This notion is tested by establishing whether socio-economic status differences between given European birthplace groups (first generation) and the host society persist into the immigrant second generations, i.e. their Australian-born children. While employment and learning problems do exist for many second generation persons, the evidence is that with the men, limited structural divergence from host society men exists, although there is more divergence with the southern European womenfolk. The latter in part reflects gender differences in occupational oppor tunities, and inequalities within the wider Australian society.
14 citations
TL;DR: Sociology is a professional calling but, given the sociological struc ture of the academic market-place, we are forced to live it as a trade as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Sociology is a professional calling but, given the sociological struc ture of the academic market-place, we are forced to live it as a trade. Given a highly competitive struggle within the market, sociologists in search of employment and prestige are forced to innovate in order to secure clients and audiences. These market-determined innova tions lead to endless changes in paradigms and perspectives which give sociology, as an institution, the appearance of perpetual crisis. These crises are intensified at the periphery of the global market and thus the struggle for clients in Australian sociology is especially intense. These waves of fashion have obscured the real and central tradition of sociology which is the call to comprehend the nature of modern consciousness and the restraints which limit human potentialities.
TL;DR: Dividing the workforce of Australia on the basis of occupational prestige gives a profile of the numbers in each of six occupational prestige categories and provides a norm for the Australian population and gives a basic prestige distribution for comparative purposes.
Abstract: Occupational prestige is an indicator of social class amenable to measurement. Dividing the workforce of Australia on the basis of occupational prestige gives a profile of the numbers in each of six occupational prestige categories. This exercise provides a norm for the Australian population and gives a basic prestige distribution for comparative purposes. Of particular interest for sociologists and social scientists generally is the shape of this profile. The top two categories are very small indeed; the third holds 15 per cent of the workforce; and 80 per cent of the workforce are in the lower half of this prestige hierarchy.
TL;DR: The authors showed that although there is some bivariate association between class sentiments and measures of social position, the relationships weaken substantially when statistical controls are introduced, which stands contrary to the view that consciousness is deeply embedded in social structure.
Abstract: A major issue in sociological debate concerns the extent to which consciousness embodies a factual rather than ideological character. This theme is echoed by Chamberlain when he concludes that class sentiments in Australia directly reflect individual experiences and social position. The present paper uses multivariate techniques to assess how far this conclusion holds. It shows that although there is some bivariate association between class sentiments and measures of social position, the relationships weaken substantially when statistical controls are introduced. Moreover, other evidence sug gests good reasons why class consciousness may be informed by elements of belief and desire as well as fact. In sum, these results stand contrary to the view that consciousness is deeply embedded in social structure.
TL;DR: The nature and significance of pornography are controversial Contrasting liberal, conservative and radical feminist views on the relationship between sexuality and pornography are analysed as mentioned in this paper, and the radical feminist definition of pornography and the associated attempt to distinguish pornography both from sexual realism and from erotica is examined.
Abstract: The nature and significance of pornography are controversial Contrasting liberal, conservative and radical feminist views on the relationship between sexuality and pornography are analysed The radical feminist definition of pornography and the associated attempt to distinguish pornography both from sexual realism and from erotica is examined Radical feminist arguments purporting to show pornography causes sexual violence against women are criticised on the grounds that they are inconclusive, and anyway rest on the liberal way of drawing the private-public distinction Whilst the argument that pornography is offensive may usefully be invoked to condemn the open display of hard-core and sexually violent porno graphy, it is of limited use to feminists since it too rests on the liberal private-public dichotomy, which feminists are committed to dis pensing with There is a consistent and distinctively feminist thesis that pornography is harmful in constituting a serious moral affront to women This argument has some force, but is flawed sometimes by confusion between the fantasy content of pornography and literal representation, sometimes by a simplistic view of how fantasy will be realised in male sexual behaviour
TL;DR: The second part of a two-part analysis of the conceptualisation of culture, race, and ethnicity is presented in this paper, where the authors focus on the production of ideology.
Abstract: This is the second of a two-part analysis of the conceptualisation of culture, 'race' and ethnicity. Part one, 'Establishing Difference: Culture, 'Race', Ethnicity and the Production of Ideology' a...
TL;DR: The educational policy emerging from the 1930s Depression in Aus tralia is reviewed, to show how its emphasis on curriculum reform and diversity of courses, concentrated in State secondary schools, was premised on contemporary understandings about 'natural' individual ability.
Abstract: The educational policy emerging from the 1930s Depression in Aus tralia is reviewed, in order to show how its emphasis on curriculum reform and diversity of courses, concentrated in State secondary schools, was premised on contemporary understandings about 'natural' individual ability. The psychological theory of individual differences, which developed during the first three decades of this century, constructed State school users as a social group having dif ferent educational needs from the traditional users of secondary education. However, the evidence for these differences was drawn from the actual operation of the State system, its stage of develop ment and the level of resources it attracted, and the way it functioned relative to the sphere of educational activity already car ved out by the private system.
TL;DR: The authors argue that recent materialist theories of human agency complement radical research about school resistance, and outline the basic features of a class analysis of primary and secondary schooling, arguing that such theories complement radical work about resistance in school resistance.
Abstract: This paper outlines the basic features of a class analysis of contem porary schooling. I argue that recent materialist theories of human agency complement radical research about school resistance a...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the role that occupational mobility has played within New Zealand society and discuss a method for the long-time study of occupational mobility rates through marriage records data is presented based upon two Wellington and two Christchurch localities.
Abstract: This paper seeks to explore the role that occupational mobility has played within New Zealand society The paper begins by reviewing the approaches found within mobility research and how these have been taken up within New Zealand research It notes the limited nature of present knowledge and research into patterns of mobility through timeThe article then moves to discussing a method for the longi tudinal study of occupational mobility rates through marriage records Data is presented based upon two Wellington and two Christchurch localities From the analysis a number of tentative conclusions are drawn regarding both the overall rate of mobility over time and the distance travelled by the more mobile individuals The analysis shows that there has always been a fairly high level of self-recruitment to occupational positions and a limited amount of long run mobility
TL;DR: In this paper, four adolescent social group lexes from the Illawarra region of New South Wales are characterised using two instruments: the one a measure of meanings available to individuals in passive vocabulary, and the other a measure for meanings available in active vocabulary.
Abstract: Four adolescent social group lexes from the Illawarra region of New South Wales are characterised in this paper using two instruments: the one a measure of meanings available to individuals in passive vocabulary, and the other a measure of meanings available in active vocabulary. The four social group lexes are contrasted with a fifth social group lexis from Sydney. The nature of social group lexis and its measurement are discussed. The lexico-semantic weaknesses (relevant to the register of the secondary school) of the Wollongong poorer working-class social group lexis are linked with the educational failure of its users; the relative strengths of immigrant- descent Wollongong social group lexes are linked with the relative educational success of their users. The influence of the phenomenon of 'extralinguistic context' on lexical selection is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, education is commonly portrayed in liberal democracies as a source of enlightenment and support for liberal social policy, and how does education affect views about the feminisation of women.
Abstract: Education is commonly portrayed in liberal democracies as a source of enlightenment and support for liberal social policy. If that is true, how does education affect views about the feminisation of...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the issue of non-citizens in Australia by discussing four main points: defining the non-citizen in Australian terms, examining the differences between the noncitizen and the prohibited non citizen, and exploring the process of becoming a prohibited non- citizen.
Abstract: The status of citizen and how it is defined, re-defined, achieved, or denied are important indicators for analysing any society. They are particularly important in societies which are multi-ethnic. The prevailing ideology in Australia is one of multiculturalism. An understanding of who is an Australian or an Australian citizen is basic to any assessment of the penetration of that ideology. The paper examines the issue of non-citizens in Australia by discussing four main points.1. Defining the non-citizen in Australian terms.2. Examining the differences between the non-citizen and the prohibited non-citizen.3. Exploring the process of becoming a prohibited non- citizen.4. Discussing the economic, personal and social consequences of being a prohibited non-citizen.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the views of a sample of incar cerated Federal offenders towards the institution and personnel of Legal Aid, placing such views within the offender's assessment of the criminal justice system as being essentially malleable and illusory.
Abstract: Arising out of the National Offender Survey for the AustralianLaw Reform Commission this paper presents the views of a sample of incar cerated Federal offenders towards the institution and personnel of Legal Aid. Such views are placed within the offender's assessment of the criminal justice system as being essentially malleable and illu strates diverse sources of sentencing disparity. Contextualising the views of Federal offenders by reference to the views of 250 state offenders, the paper presents an assessment of Legal Aid as an institution whose purpose is betrayed by deficiency in attitude as distinct from competence of personnel. The criticism of Legal Aid extended by the respondent population is merely an extension of the assessment they extend to the legal profession generally.
TL;DR: This article pointed out that the diverse character of national sociologists is at least partly explained by the structure of market forces within academic institutions, and that these market forces have been somewhat reticent in applying these models to the profession of sociology.
Abstract: Both commentaries correctly identify the element of Swiftian irony and parody in my original paper. The original Presidential address was motivated by the elementary observation that, while sociologists are prepared to analyse professional behaviour in general as the product of market behaviour and social closure, they have been somewhat reticent in applying these models to the profession of sociology. In the aftermath of the paper, the general thrust of my position still appears to me to be valid, namely that the diverse character of national sociologists is at least partly explained by the structure of market forces within academic institutions. These market
TL;DR: In this paper, Littler and Salaman argue that this approach provides the theoretical space to account for economic phases, labour process dynamics and labour market structures and relate them to the changing composition of the working class.
Abstract: are rejected They favour Gordon, Edwards and Reich’s (1982) analysis based on the concept of ’social structures of accumulation’ (p. 110). Notwithstanding significant reservations (pp.112-13) Littler and Salaman argue that this approach provides the theoretical space to account for ’economic phases, labour process dynamics and labour market structures and relate them to the changing composition of the working class’ (p. 113). In their view the fracturing of the work force into
TL;DR: The initial proposition that crises under capitalism are primarily economic and under state socialism primarily political, as well as the diagnoses of continuously falling profit rates, economic depression, dramatic increases in unemployment and reduction in the bargaining power of organised labour, appear to be rather dated and Anglocentric as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: systems. The initial proposition that crises under capitalism are primarily economic and under state socialism primarily political, as well as the diagnoses of continuously falling profit rates, economic depression, ’dramatic’ increases in unemployment and reduction in the bargaining power of organised labour, appear to be rather dated and Anglocentric. Similarly, the conclusion that protest movements in Eastern Europe originated ’in the fundamental processes of accumulation’ and ’aimed at changing the priorities of the state plan’ must strike any reader familiar with the subject as a simplification, to say the least. The portrayal of ‘the party’ as a unitary ruling force under state socialism is also rather unfortu-
TL;DR: The local government theme is also pursued by Saunders (on the Melbourne City Council) and Martin Mowbray who examines the distributive and ideological effects of the local council rating system.
Abstract: may not be primarily about grand issues, nor necessarily display the adversary politics of other levels ofgovernment, local conflicts may reflect important cleavages in subtle and complex ways which become obscured in local government rhetoric.’ The local government theme is also pursued by Saunders (on the Melbourne City Council) and Martin Mowbray who examines the distributive and ideological effects of the local council rating system. Mowbray locates the role of local government squarely within the operation of the capitalist state; but it is doubtful that the data he relies upon to support this assertion are equal to the task The role of interest groups in urban politics is taken up by Marian Simms (on women) and James Jupp (on ethnics). There
TL;DR: In this paper, Poulantzas was not simply to present a theory of the capitalist state but more critically to develop axiomatic statements from the writings of Marx, Lenin and Gramsci.
Abstract: was not simply to present a theory of the capitalist state but more critically to develop axiomatic statements from the writings of Marx, Lenin and Gramsci. Indeed, Jessop’s remarks concerning Poulantzas’ formalism, functionalism, essentialism and class reductionism are especially applicable to this work Since the heady days of 1968 Marxists have been attempting to escape these particularly negative features of Althusserian theory. Poulantzas was no exception to this
TL;DR: Offe makes a great contribution because he contests and reopens these key themes in political sociology as mentioned in this paper, and is important, finally, because he follows the tradition of social theory and extends its interests in identifying long-term patterns in bourgeois civilisation, its tendencies to corporatism and to the instrumentalisation of politics.
Abstract: back on reformist or revolutionary saviours allegedly lurking in the wings of history. Offe makes a great contribution because he contests and reopens these key themes in political sociology. Disorganized Capitalism covers much more than this. I have tried here simply to make some points of contact between Offe’s arguments and Australian developments in order to suggest something of the pertinence of his work As I have said, his are arguments which are not easily understood, and need to be deciphered; but they are brave, imaginative and sensitive to theoretical and practical complexity alike. They deserve a wide audience in Australia. Offe is important, finally, because he follows the tradition of social theory and extends its interests in identifying long-term patterns in bourgeois civilisation, its tendencies to corporatism and to the instrumentalisation of politics. These are tendencies which we ignore at our own risk to continue to do so will emasculate
TL;DR: Sargent as discussed by the authors places Australian agribusiness in its global context, showing how agri-business has worked hand-in-glove with development aid and other interests to shape the world agriculture, including Australia's.
Abstract: Third World manifests itself throughout the book, Sargent showing that while Australian farmers may be the victims of foreign-based transnational corporations, Australian companies for their part have not been lax in exploiting opportunities overseas. Chapter one places Australian agribusiness in its global context, showing how agribusiness has worked hand-in-glove with ’development’ aid and other interests to shape the world’s agriculture, including Australia’s. In chapters two and three Sargent discusses the decline of the family farm in Australia, and attempts to draw links between the rising influence of agribusiness and the crisis currently affecting rural areas. Intensive