Showing papers in "Moscow University Physics Bulletin in 2014"
TL;DR: In this article, a similar dynamics (behavior) for complex biosystems is postulated in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and five peculiar properties and thirteen differences of these specific three-type systems (complexity) from traditional deterministic and stochastic systems determine the need for introducing the uncertainty principle for these specific systems.
Abstract: In accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, a similar dynamics (behavior) for complex biosystems is postulated. Five peculiar properties and thirteen differences of these specific three-type systems (complexity) from traditional deterministic and stochastic systems determine the need for introducing the uncertainty principle for these specific systems. The value of the special boundary volume of the phase space, $$V_{G^{\min } }$$
, (which is considered as quasiattractor) inside of which the state vector of a biosystem moves chaotically and permanently, is the right side of this inequality. The volumes $$V_{G^{\min } }$$
and $$V_{G^{\max } }$$
really represent the peculiar properties of each dynamic biosystem (or each three-type system) as complexity. Particular examples from biomechanics prove the impossibility of using the deterministic or stochastic approach for the description of complexity, and only methods of the new theory of chaos (self-organization) can be useful for the description of complex biosystems. The possibilities of the practical application of this theory in various fields of biology and medicine are also discussed.
32 citations
TL;DR: The nucleon pairing effect is one of the striking manifestations of nuclear dynamics as mentioned in this paper, and the interaction of paired nucleons with vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom of a nucleus produces a wide variety of excitation spectra of positive-parity states in even-even nuclei.
Abstract: The nucleon pairing effect that is analyzed in the present paper is one of the striking manifestations of nuclear dynamics. Nucleon pairing for different chains of nuclei dependent upon the number of protons or neutrons in the nucleus allows one to explain the emergence of a great number of positive-parity states, which form a ground state multiplet, in even-even nuclei in the excitation energy range E* < 4 MeV. The interaction of paired nucleons with vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom of a nucleus produces a wide variety of excitation spectra of positive-parity states in even-even nuclei.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the average difference between the heliocentric longitudes (ADL) of the planets Venus, Earth, and Jupiter was used to describe the 11-year cycle of solar activity.
Abstract: In this paper a parameter was used, viz., the average difference between the heliocentric longitudes (ADL) of the planets Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. For the minimum ADL (the planets are in conjunction), as well as at the minimum deviation of the planets from a line passing through them and the Sun at the location of the planets on opposite sides from the Sun, an index was composed that uniquely describes the 11-year cycle of solar activity.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that only the component of the functions from the linear finite-dimensional subspace can be estimated with a finite error, and a method for estimating this component with accuracy control is proposed.
Abstract: The possibility of estimating the values of a function at given points of its domain is investigated. The estimation uses results of the measurements of a finite number of linear functionals; the results of the measurements are distorted by an error. It is shown that only the component of the functions from the linear finite-dimensional subspace can be estimated with a finite error. A method for estimating this component with accuracy control is proposed. The mathematical methods of measurement reduction proposed by Yu.P. Pyt’ev are used. An example of the estimation of an emission spectrum that is measured by a double-slit spectrometer is described.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the space-time characteristics of a nanosecond combined volume discharge with preionization from a plasma sheet with a nano-conditional duration in air (∼200 ns) were investigated.
Abstract: The space-time characteristics of a nanosecond combined volume discharge with preionization from a plasma sheet with a nanosecond duration in air (∼200 ns) are investigated. The integral discharge radiation, radiation spectrum, and discharge current under conditions within the discharge volume, including gas-dynamic flow with a planar shock wave, are analyzed. It is shown that the volume discharge glow is homogeneous in the master phase. The glow in the area of the shock-wave front increases and its duration may be more than 2 μs.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the quantum noise of the Sagnac and Mickelson interferometers with frequency-dependent squeezing of the quantum state of light and demonstrate the substantial advantage of the former, both in sensitivity and from the viewpoint of its easier experimental implementation.
Abstract: It is planned that the next generation of laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors will surpass the second-generation detectors in amplitude sensitivity in a broad range of frequencies by nearly tenfold. Since the sensitivity will be limited by quantum noise at all frequencies above ∼10 Hz at almost all frequencies, the development of new schemes for detectors that are able to provide the required lowered level of quantum fluctuations is very topical. A velocimeter based on the Sagnac interferometer, which is investigated in this study, is one such scheme and possibly is the most promising among them. We present a complete comparative analysis of the quantum noise of the signal-recycling Sagnac and Mickelson interferometers with frequency-dependent squeezing of the quantum state of light and demonstrate the substantial advantage of the former, both in sensitivity and from the viewpoint of its easier experimental implementation. In particular, we show that the Sagnac scheme is able to surpass even a xylophone configuration of two Michelson detectors in the level of quantum noises and is less tolerant to optical losses in the filter cavity when using frequency-dependent squeezing.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, structural X-ray analysis of the phase-structure state of the Pd-In-Ru alloy foil after two types of hydrogenation and relaxation (during 8200 h) was carried out.
Abstract: The structural X-ray analysis of the phase-structure state of the Pd-In-Ru alloy foil after two types of hydrogenation and relaxation (during 8200 h) was carried out. The broadening of the distibution function of the coherent scattering regions (CSRs) with respect to the concentration of indium atoms in the alloy matrix was found to be independent of the foil hydrogenation. The differences in the phase-separation processes on the opposite sides of and the orientation dependencies in the additional phase enriched by vacancies or indium atoms were revealed.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the deviation of the relaxation spectrum from the Debye type is studied experimentally and the presence of the non-Debye relaxation is shown, which is defined in different temperature ranges either by proton multiposition transitions below the Curie point Tc or relaxation domain and interphase boundaries in the vicinity of Tc.
Abstract: The deviation of the relaxation spectrum from the Debye type is studied experimentally and the presence of the non-Debye relaxation is shown, which is defined in different temperature ranges either by proton multiposition transitions below the Curie point Tc or relaxation domain and interphase boundaries in the vicinity of Tc. For triglycine selenate, the methods of analysis of dielectric non-Debye spectra are used.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the rigidities of collective nuclear oscillations were calculated for 44 even-even atomic nuclei and compared to the charge radii, and correlations between the rigidity maxima and the minimal values of the r0 parameter were revealed.
Abstract: The rigidities of collective nuclear oscillations were calculated for 44 even-even atomic nuclei and compared to the charge radii. Correlations between the rigidity maxima and the minimal values of the r0 parameter were revealed. These correlations were attributed to the high surface tension in nuclei with filled neutron shells and the associated increase in pressure on nuclear matter.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the thermoelectric properties of n-and p-type PbTe theoretically in a wide temperature interval of 300 to 900 K were investigated in a three-band model of the electron energy spectrum.
Abstract: In this paper we study the thermoelectric properties of n-and p-type PbTe theoretically in a wide temperature interval of 300 to 900 K. A three-band model of the PbTe electron-energy spectrum was used in these calculations for the first time. The full set of the relevant kinetic characteristics is calculated, including the electrical and thermal conductivities, as well as the Seebeck coefficient and the thermoelectric figure-of-merit. The calculated thermoelectric quantities are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a consecutive analysis of spatial-temporal disturbances of a laser beam propagating through a turbulent media was carried out, and evolutionary equations for the intensity distributions were obtained for a channel with different types of regular and stochastic spatial dispersion.
Abstract: A consecutive analysis of spatial-temporal disturbances of a laser beam propagating through a turbulent media was carried out. Evolutionary equations for the intensity distributions were obtained for a channel with different types of regular and stochastic spatial dispersion. The relative simplicity and physical validity of the integral relationships allows one to build them in the control algorithm for jam-protection of open-space operating channels.
TL;DR: In this article, the project of the scintillation complex of the upgraded Tunka-133 detector is described and software for simulation of recording and processing of events is presented.
Abstract: The project of the scintillation complex of the upgraded Tunka-133 detector is described. Software for simulation of recording and processing of events by the future scintillation part of the Tunka-133 detector is presented. Highlights of the simulation are given. Results of the simulation of extensive air showers using Aires software are listed.
TL;DR: In this article, the process of photodisintegration of molybdenum isotopes using the induced activity method was studied using an electron accelerator energy of 67.7 MeV.
Abstract: The process of photodisintegration of molybdenum isotopes was studied using the induced activity method. The yields of isotopes produced as a result of photonuclear reactions on a natural mixture of molybdenum isotopes were determined at an electron accelerator energy of 67.7 MeV. A comparison of the experimental results with the theoretical calculation carried out using the combined model of photonucleon reactions shows that the model gives a fair description of the experimental yields of photonucleon reactions on all molybdenum isotopes except for 92Mo. The high yields of the proton channels of photonuclear reactions on the 92Mo isotope and low yields of the corresponding neutron channels are interpreted based on the shell structure of molybdenum isotopes.
TL;DR: In this article, a parameterized equation of state is suggested to describe a part of the phase diagram in the region between the critical and supercritical isotherms up to densities equal to the critical density, within the experimental error.
Abstract: A parameterized equation of state is suggested. It describes a part of the phase diagram in the region between the critical and supercritical isotherms up to densities equal to the critical density, within the experimental error. It is shown that this requires data on the position of the critical point and the second virial coefficient. The applicability of two-parameter potentials to description of this region is analyzed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a space-time model that treats the urban ecosystem as a superposition of active media is expanded to take the heterogeneity of anthropogenic and natural factors into account, and the theoretical basis of the system analysis of the stability of urban ecosystems is provided by synergetic ideas concerning autowave self-organization in active media.
Abstract: A space-time model that treats the urban ecosystem as a superposition of active media is expanded to take the heterogeneity of anthropogenic and natural factors into account. The approach is based on representation of urban ecosystems as conjugated active media and is aimed at identifying the threshold values of control parameters. The theoretical basis of the system analysis of the stability of urban ecosystems is provided by synergetic ideas concerning autowave self-organization in active media.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define three main directions on the path to compact multi-element Josephson electronic systems: reduction of the Josephson junction to submicron size, decrease of the area of standard logic cells, and fabrication of a compact and rapid Josephson memory.
Abstract: This review is devoted to a discussion of the prospects for solving the problem of a low degree of integration of the traditional elements for promising (due to the high performance and extremely low energy dissipation) superconducting digital electronics. We define three main directions on the path to compact multi-element Josephson electronic systems: (1) reduction of the Josephson junction to submicron size, (2) decrease of the area of standard logic cells, and (3) fabrication of a compact and rapid Josephson memory. We present the physical foundations of Josephson elements in order to show the fundamental constraints on establishing standard submicron tunnel contacts and compact logic cells/memory elements. This survey clearly demonstrates the essence of breakthrough technological solutions to create ultrasmall heterostructures with desired settings, reduce and optimize logic cells, and create memory unit cells based on Josephson junctions with magnetic layers.
TL;DR: In this article, the yield of photonuclear reactions on the natural mixture of titanium isotopes were measured under exposure to a beam of bremsstrahlung γ-quanta with the end-point energy of 55 MeV.
Abstract: Yields of photonuclear reactions on the natural mixture of titanium isotopes were measured under exposure to a beam of bremsstrahlung γ-quanta with the end-point energy of 55 MeV. The results are compared with computations based on the TALYS model. It is shown that description of cross sections of photonuclear reactions on Ti isotopes requires the proper account for isospin and configuration splitting of the giant dipole resonance.
TL;DR: In this article, the applicability of the scintillation index meanings are substantially limited for the assessment of the performance quality of the optical data transmitting channels and the peculiarities of the localized intensity distributions and those of the SCI are revealed on the basis of the experimental data got under different propagation conditions.
Abstract: Theoretical and experimental studies of the local statistical characteristics of Gaussian beams propagated through the paths with strong turbulence were carried out and their results are presented. It is ascertained that the applicability of the scintillation index meanings are substantially limited for the assessment of the performance quality of the optical data transmitting channels. On the basis of the experimental data got under different propagation conditions the peculiarities of the localized intensity distributions and those of the scintillation index are revealed.
TL;DR: In this article, a metal-dielectric composite was obtained by thermal restoration of silver atoms from an alcohol solution of a precursor in nanoporous glass with pores with a radius of 2 nm.
Abstract: We obtained a metal-dielectric composite by thermal restoration of silver atoms from an alcohol solution of a precursor in nanoporous glass with pores with a radius of 2 nm. The concentration, size, and asphericity degree of metal nanoparticles formed in the pores are characterized according to the measured extinction spectra of the material.
TL;DR: In this article, the supercritical point and the maximum fluctuation point on supercritical isotherm were used for the analysis of the behavior of various substances in the vicinity of the critical point.
Abstract: This paper suggests using the supercritical point and the maximum fluctuation point on the supercritical isotherm for the analysis of the behavior of various substances in the vicinity of the critical point. These three points lie at the vertices of a triangle that is formed by the supercritical isotherm, the line of the local minima of stability, and the line of maxima of fluctuations. In this triangle, which is called supercritical, the fluctuations and instability behave such that this part of the phase surface is most interesting from the viewpoint of performing various chemical reactions. Here, large fluctuations and the stability of the system rapidly decrease with increasing volume. This region is studied in the approximation of the van der Waals and Van Laar equations.
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-Hermitian fermion model containing a γ5-matrix in the mass term m→m 1 + γ 5m 2 is considered, and a new refined condition of the unbroken PJ-symmetry of the theory is proposed that comprises an indication that the initial domain of PJ symmetry is divided into subdomains corresponding to the description of ordinary and exotic particles.
Abstract: A non-Hermitian fermion model containing a γ5-matrix in the mass term m→m1 + γ5m2 is considered. A new refined condition of the unbroken PJ-symmetry of the theory is proposed that comprises an indication that the initial domain of unbroken PJ-symmetry is divided into subdomains corresponding to the description of ordinary and exotic particles. A relationship is established between the theory under study and the quantum field theory with maximal mass M developed on the basis of the geometric approach. The operator {ie223-1} is calculated explicitly, which is required for the construction of a new scalar product in the theory with a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian.
TL;DR: In this article, a complex mathematical model that describes the action on the human body of uranium hexafluoride that enters the air of the work space in facilities of the atomic industry is considered.
Abstract: A complex mathematical model that describes the action on the human body of uranium hexafluoride that enters the air of the work space in facilities of the atomic industry is considered. Partial models that describe the pollution of the work space and percutaneous and inhalation entries of toxic substances to the body are discussed. Initial equations are presented and basic experimental premises are considered. The choice of several important parameters of the complex model is discussed. The predictions of the model are compared with known experimental results.
TL;DR: In this paper, the extent of an electric charge is considered under the assumption that the structure of the charge at rest is spherically symmetric and the current vector has a linear dependence on the acceleration.
Abstract: The extent of an electric charge is considered under the assumption that the structure of the charge at rest is spherically symmetric and the current vector has a linear dependence on the acceleration. An exact expression for the electromagnetic field of the charge is obtained that depends on the specific form of the charge distribution. For the cases when the particle velocity does not considerably change over the time it covers the distance of the order of its own size, approximations are developed that depend on the charge distributions through its low-order momentums. The Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac expression is rigorously proven for radiation friction: the initial expression and the conditions under which the expression can be derived are identified. The radiation field is also studied and it is demonstrated that in some cases of great accelerations the radiation virtually vanishes. Methods for the further development of the theory are pointed out as applied to more general forms of the current vector (dependence of the charge structure on the acceleration, consideration of random factors, etc.)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Monte Carlo simulation to explore the passing of gamma radiation through biological thin layers in radiobiological experiments, and determined the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) as the ratio of absorption doses, when the number of ionization events is equal for gamma and X-ray radiation.
Abstract: Using Monte Carlo simulation, this paper explores the passing of gamma radiation through biological thin layers. In radiobiological experiments, this method of investigation simulates the conditions for determining the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). X-ray spectra from X-ray tubes, which are often used in such experiments, are simulated in this paper. The RBE is determined as the ratio of absorption doses, when the number of ionization events is equal for gamma and X-ray radiation. The results of the estimates are represented for the modeling of X-ray spectra in the case of irradiation of biological layers of different thicknesses.
TL;DR: This study presents the results of calculations of dosimetry parameters for a 169Yb model brachytherapy source using the GEANT4.9 software package for Monte Carlo simulation, and the data obtained could be used in Dosimetry planning systems.
Abstract: This study presents the results of calculations of dosimetry parameters for a 169Yb model brachytherapy source. The calculations were performed by a program code that was written by the authors using the GEANT4.9 software package for Monte Carlo simulation. According to the AAPM TG-43 formalism (the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Task Group No. 43), the following parameters were deter- mined: the dose-rate constant, radial dose functions, and anisotropy function. To verify the program code, the calculation of the dosimetry parameters of the widespread BEBIG Co0.A86 and BEBIG Ir2.A85-2 sources was carried out. An acceptable fit with the data of other authors was obtained. The data we obtained using the developed and verified program code could be used in dosimetry planning systems.
TL;DR: The characteristics of the motion of solid-body markers over a settled composite vortex surface were studied using a laboratory apparatus as discussed by the authors, where the vortex was generated in a cylindrical container filled with water using a rotating disc on the container bottom.
Abstract: The characteristics of the motion of solid-body markers over a settled composite vortex surface were studied using a laboratory apparatus. The vortex was generated in a cylindrical container filled with water using a rotating disc on the container bottom. The paths of solid-body markers were visualized. The radial distribution of the angular velocity of marker revolution around the container center was obtained. A relationship between eigenrotation frequencies and rotation around the container center occurred for two types of polypropylene markers (a flat square plate and a voluminous small tube).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the factors that are responsible for the emergence of the ionospheric response, which comprises a series of waves propagating ahead of the tsunami, and the contribution of the moving tsunami wave into the formation of such a pre-tsunami response is established by the numerical simulation of the equations of geophysical hydrodynamics with two-dimensional geometry.
Abstract: The observations of the upper atmosphere after the severe Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011 are analyzed. The observations cover the Hawaii region and span the time interval from about 7 h after the main shock to about half an hour before the arrival of the tsunami wave generated this earthquake. We explore the factors that are responsible for the emergence of the ionospheric response, which comprises a series of waves propagating ahead of the tsunami. The contribution of the moving tsunami wave into the formation of such a pre-tsunami response is established by the numerical simulation of the equations of geophysical hydrodynamics with two-dimensional geometry.
TL;DR: In this article, the radial dependence of the plasma parameters of a low-pressure inductive radio-frequency (RF) discharge on pressure within a wide range of 0.8-1 Torr was investigated.
Abstract: This work is devoted to systematic investigation into the radial dependence of the plasma parameters of a low-pressure inductive radio-frequency (RF) discharge on pressure within a wide range of 0.8–1 Torr. Experimental results that were obtained under the considered pressures make it possible to analyze the patterns of the changes in plasma parameters upon both a nonlocal mode of discharge and a transition from a nonlocal to local mode of the RF power input. Discharges in helium, neon, argon, and krypton were considered. Experimental data were compared to the results of the numerical simulation of the inductive RF discharge using the particle-in-cell (PIC) method.
TL;DR: In this paper, the temperature dependence of the bending ν2, combination ν 2 + ν L, and stretching (ν1, ν3, 2ν2) absorption bands in the infrared spectra of supercooled water with a temperature-change step Δt from 2 to 2.5°C was studied using an advanced infrared Fourier spectrometer.
Abstract: The temperature dependence of the bending ν2, combination ν2 + ν L , and stretching (ν1, ν3, 2ν2) absorption bands in the infrared spectra of supercooled water with a temperature-change step Δt from 2 to 2.5°C was studied using an advanced infrared Fourier spectrometer. It was found that the frequency of the maximum of the stretching absorption band (2700–3700 cm−1) decreases with the reduction of the water temperature from −0.5 to −5.0°C. The frequency of the maximum of the combination absorption band (2130 cm−1) increases with the reduction of the water temperature in a range from −3.0 to −5.0°C. The frequency of the maximum of the absorption band of bending oscillation (1640 cm−1) is invariable with a reduction of the water temperature from −0.5 to −5.0°C.
TL;DR: The results of theoretical and experimental studies are discussed aiming at the justification of potential vector-phase methods for various hydroacoustics applications, including hydrophone systems and point sources in the environment.
Abstract: The results of theoretical and experimental studies are discussed aiming at the justification of potential vector-phase methods for various hydroacoustics applications. These studies have greatly contributed to the active introduction of the vector-phase methods for sonar measurements. The advantages of vector-phase methods, especially in underwater acoustics are most manifested at significant limitation of the spatial region for their propagation in the medium. A qualitative shift exists in the case of a single combined receiving module (CRM), which provides a new “characteristic” of the point receiving system, viz., detectability of the acoustic source. Another CRM feature is the applicability of a fundamentally new (as concerns hydrophone systems) processing algorithm based on direct measurement of acoustic flux (energy), i.e., the release of its part that is dependent on field anisotropy or point sources in the environment.