Showing papers in "Mycopathologia Et Mycologia Applicata in 1963"
TL;DR: Polysaccharides like dextrine and starch are shown to be the best carbon sources for the growth of Aureobasidium pullulans although growth is good upon a variety of other carbon sources.
Abstract: Polysaccharides like dextrine and starch are shown to be the best carbon sources for the growth ofAureobasidium pullulans although growth is good upon a variety of other carbon sources. Light increases growth markedly when polysaccharides are the carbon source but not when other sugars are used. Variation in cell morphology is described in response to sugars and light. Extracellular granules, whose properties resemble those of melanin, are produced when dextrine is the carbon source in a defined medium containing asparagine as the source of nitrogen. The dark pigment was extracted from the walls of thick-walled brown cells ofA. pullulans and characterized as a melanin on the basis of several tests, including solubility and absorption spectrum.A. pullulans was grown on several defined and undefined media and the response of the fungus to light is shown to be determined by the medium, and the temperature at which the cultures are grown.
41 citations
TL;DR: The authors' experiments regarding T. mentagrophytes indicate that this species is at present still to a certain extent in a transitional evolutive stage with retained but limited ability to the life in the soil and with an evident tendency for adaption on small rodents and human beings.
Abstract: From our experiments it could be seen that a quite definite relationship exists between various dermatophytes and the soil which is expressed on the one side by antagonistic action of the microflora in the soil inhibiting the growth of dermatophytes and on the other, by ability of some dermatophytes to persist in the soil or to use the soil as habitat in their saprophytic life. This condition appears to be the reflection of the evolutive tendency of dermatophytes to develop from its primary habitat, the soil, to the parasitic life on man and animal. It is persumed that this evolution of dermatophytes is based on mutations of gens as one of the fundamental phenomenons in nature. It is obvious that this evolution of dermatophytes is not completed. Our experiments regardingT. mentagrophytes indicate that this species is at present still to a certain extent in a transitional evolutive stage with retained but limited ability to the life in the soil and with an evident tendency for adaption on small rodents and human beings. In this course of development on a lower level isK. ajelloi andM. gypseum with full ability of saprophytic life in the soil and with slowly but increasing pathogenicity for men and animals.
33 citations
TL;DR: The genusGymnoascus Baranetzky is monographed and found to include five valid species including one previously recognized species, G. reessii, one new combination,G.
Abstract: The genusGymnoascusBaranetzky is monographed and found to include five valid species including one previously recognized species,G. reessii, one new combination,G. johnstoni, two new species,G. longitrichus andG. corniculatus, and a species originally described as aGymnoascus but included inMyxotrichum since 1893,G. uncinatus. Twenty species previously described as belonging toGymnoascus are excluded from the genus or are considered as doubtful representatives.
30 citations
TL;DR: Two lots of rabbit anti-Blastomyces dermatitidis globulins were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and labeled antibodies cross-reacted with elements of the yeast and mycelial phases of 7 strains ofHistoplasma capsulatum and cells of numerous other heterologous fungi.
Abstract: Two lots of rabbit anti-Blastomyces dermatitidis globulins were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. These reagents stained brightly elements of the yeast and mycelial phases of 10 strains ofB. dermatitidis. In addition, the labeled antibodies cross-reacted with elements of the yeast and mycelial phases of 7 strains ofHistoplasma capsulatum and cells of numerous other heterologous fungi. Adsorption of one lot of labeled antibodies twice with yeast cells ofH. capsulatum and once with elements ofGeotrichum candidum rendered the conjugate specific for the yeast phase ofB. dermatitidis. Three adsorptions with yeast cells ofH. capsulatum followed by a single adsorption with elements ofG. candidum rendered the second conjugate specific for yeast-phase cells ofB. dermatitidis. The specific reagents did not react with the mycelial phase of this fungus.
26 citations
25 citations
TL;DR: In an ecological and floristical exploration of the oak woods of Colombia in 1960, within a National Science Foundation project, a number of the genera expected, produced fructifications during the relatively dry (summer) period of 1960, forming ectotrophic mycorrhiza with the oaks of Colombia as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In an ecological and floristical exploration of the oak woods of Colombia in 1960, within a National Science Foundation project, stands with oak dominants (Quercus humbold~ii H. & B. and Q. columbiana CUATREC.) w e r e visited in the departamentos Cundinamama and BoyacdL. The ecological observations will be extented and published separately. The present communication deals only with the fungi observed as forming eetotrophic mycorrhiza with Quercus. On the basis of earlier investigations in the oak woods of extratropical and subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere, and in line with the ideas expressed by SINGER (% ~ORELLO1), it WaS to be expected that fungi of certain genera (indicated in the list given in Ecology 41:551, 1960) would be found to form part of the oakdominated communities in South America as symbionts in an ectotroph population Quercus/fungus. The observations revealed that, indeed, a number of the genera expected, produced fructifications during the relatively dry (summer) period of 1960, forming ectotrophic mycorrhiza with the oaks of Colombia. The number of species and genera will eventually be much higher. At present, we have in our laboratory, for further study, representatives of the following ectotroph formers: Russula, Lactarius, Amanita, Inocybe, Cortinarius (several species of each) among the Agaricales and Craterellus among the Aphyllophorales. All these genera have also temperate and subtropical representatives in North America, Central America, Europe and Asia which form ectotroph populations. Some of the species observed in Colombia have not been described before and will be treated in the following descriptive notes.
25 citations
TL;DR: The genusCtenomyces Eidam is reviewed and various reported species and isolates are discussed and a composite description of the species, C. serratus Eidam, is presented.
Abstract: The genusCtenomyces
Eidam is reviewed and various reported species and isolates are discussed.Ctenomyces is limited to a single species,C. serratus
Eidam. The doctrine of the synonymity ofCtenomyces andTrichophyton is reviewed and rejected as false. Cultural observations on several isolates ofC. serratus are reported and a composite description of the species is presented.
25 citations
TL;DR: Two new species of Trichophyton, T. indicum and T. evolceanui, isolated from soil in India by the hair baiting technique, are described.
Abstract: Two new species ofTrichophyton, T. indicum andT. evolceanui, isolated from soil in India by the hair baiting technique, are described.T. indicum is characterized by its flat colony and delicately roughened microconidia. It is common and widely distributed in soil in India.
23 citations
TL;DR: Two examples of aspergillosis developing in children with acute leukemia are presented and the value of early diagnosis is emphasized as new effective agents for the control of as pergills are becoming available.
Abstract: Two examples of aspergillosis developing in children with acute leukemia are presented together with a review of the pertinent literature. The increasing incidence of aspergillosis occurring among patients with grave impairment of immunologic defense mechanisms is stressed. The value of early diagnosis is emphasized as new effective agents for the control of aspergillosis are becoming available.
23 citations
22 citations
TL;DR: The antigenic studies thus corroborate the validity of the hair invasion test and will probably remain in wider use because of its simplicity.
Abstract: Of the several morphological and physiological criteria that have been proposed to identifyTrichophyton rubrum andTrichophyton mentagrophytes differentially, only the hair invasion test agrees with the immunological results reported here. A typical strain ofT. rubrum andT. mentagrophytes was obtained from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Netherlands) and was used as reference strain. All isolates that did not invade hair shafts (in vitro) and that produced three precipitate lines in agargel diffusion tests against anti-T. rubrum serum (refence strain, Tr-1) were placed in one group. These isolates all also produced a red undersurface pigment and macroconidia with long parallel sides. They were labledT. rubrum. Other isolates that did invade hair shafts, and produced only two precipitate lines against anti-T. rubrum serum were placed in another group and were labeledT. mentagrophytes. These isolates had variable characteristics of pigment production, colony and conidial morphology. The antigenic studies thus corroborate the validity of the hair invasion test. The hair invasion test will probably remain in wider use because of its simplicity.
TL;DR: The potency of the fumigatus toxin was greatly increased by improved cultural conditions, its effects studied in several species of animals, and the toxin characterized and partially purified, and cross protection experiments showed considerable immunological specificity of the two toxins.
Abstract: HENRICI, in 1939, reported that immunologically distinct endotoxins could be extracted from the mycclia of Aspergillus/umigatus and A spergillus ]Iavus when these fungi were cultivated on a simple medium containing peptone and dextrose. HENRICI'S observations which concerned especially A. /umigatus, were confirmed for the most part (TILDEN, HATTON, FREEMAN ~ WILLIAMSON, 1957). The potency of the fumigatus toxin was greatly increased by improved cultural conditions, its effects studied in several species of animals, and the toxin characterized and partially purified (TILDEN, HATTON, FREEMAN, WILLIAMSON & I~OENIG, 1961; RAU, TILDEN & KOENIG, 1961). The production of the endotoxin of A. [lavus required slightly different cultural conditions, and the toxic extracts were somewhat less potent than the fumigatus extracts, as well as less stable on storage (TILDEN et al., 1961). Its effects in mice were similar, both toxins inducing extensive renal necrosis in these animals, but cross protection experiments showed considerable immunological specificity of the two toxins (TILDEN et al., 1961). The effects of the fiavus toxin on species other than mice, as well as chemical procedures designed for characterization and purification, remained to be estabfished. This report summarizes the results of injecting flavus toxin into
TL;DR: The yeast-like phase of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, agent of the South American blastomycosis has been studied with the electron microscope, and lipids and myelin figures, apparently intimately related to the osmiophilic vacuoles were described.
Abstract: Se estudia la fase levaduriforme delParacoccidioides brasiliensis, agente de la blastomicosis sudamericana, con el microscopio electronico.
TL;DR: The “black yeasts”, especially A. pullulans, are a highly polymorphic group of organisms capable of growing in a wide variety of locations, which indicates they apparently act largely on terminal or subterminal products of decay in the final stages of the mineralization of organic compounds.
Abstract: A collection of 159 strains of “black yeasts” obtained from a number of culture collections and a wide variety of substrata was studied. Morphologically, four species were present:Phialophora jeanselmei with a mycelium that produced radulaspores and also phialides;Sclerophoma pithyophila, which produces pycnidial initials and sometimes pycnidia in culture; and two species ofAureobasidium, A. pullulans with wide mycelium and large radulaspores, andA. mansonii, which produces narrow mycelium and small radulaspores. Physiologically, these species form two distinct groups:A. mansonii andP. jeanselmei, which grow slowly; andA. pullulans andS. pithyophila, which grow more rapidly. Except for rate of growth, there was little difference between these species in their abilities to use the carbon and nitrogen sources tested. None produced significant capabilities for fermentation in the sugars and at the pH level tested. All varied in their response to a technique designed to measure amounts of growth by turbidometry. The “black yeasts”, especiallyA. pullulans, are a highly polymorphic group of organisms capable of growing in a wide variety of locations. For the most part they are capable of using the simpler organic compounds found in nature, which indicates they apparently act largely on terminal or subterminal products of decay in the final stages of the mineralization of organic compounds.
TL;DR: The pigment of C. mansoni was extracted and shown to have properties in common with those of melanins of other fungi, and a comparison between the response of Cladosporium mansoni and Aureobasidium pullulans to light and carbon sources shows several points of divergence.
Abstract: Cladosporium mansoni (ATC #762) was shown to grow best on trehalose although a number of other carbohydrates are good carbon sources. On the other hand, starch, lactose and inulin support growth poorly, or not at all. In certain media light induces the formation of abundant mycelium whose cells are of average size; in the dark, little or no mycelium is formed and many “giant” cells appear. The pigment ofC. mansoni was extracted and shown to have properties in common with those of melanins of other fungi. Extracellular granules, resembling melanin, appear in a defined medium containing dextrine and ammonium nitrate. A comparison between the response ofCladosporium mansoni andAureobasidium pullulans to light and carbon sources shows several points of divergence.
TL;DR: The sera of healthy women and of adult men either with chest disease or some other condition associated with a mycosis have been tested for precipitins against Aspergillus extracts, and the significance of the presence of precipitin against A. fumigatus is discussed.
Abstract: The sera of healthy women and of adult men either with chest disease or some other condition associated with a mycosis have been tested for precipitins against Aspergillus extracts. Although these precipitins have been demonstrated in the serum of patients suffering from systemic aspergillosis, they have also been detected in antenatal sera and in the sera of patients with no clinical evidence of aspergillosis. The significance of the presence of precipitins againstA. fumigatus is discussed.
TL;DR: The highest hemolytic and toxic activities of the fumigatus toxin were found in different fractions of the chromatographed material, and starch gel electrophoresis showed no bands common to these two fractions.
Abstract: Crude preparations of the endotoxins extracted from the mycelia ofAspergillus fumigatus andAspergillus flavus, after preliminary concentration by ammonium sulfate, have been fractionated by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Although the biological activity of the chromatographed preparations was not limited to a single fraction, examination of the most active fractions by starch gel electrophoresis showed no bands common to the two nephrotoxins.
TL;DR: Pyridoxamine shortened the lag phase of the organism and reversed the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil and5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, pointing to a new role of vitamin B6 in nucleic acid metabolism of the organisms.
Abstract: C. albicans showed an absolute dependency for biotin in shaker cultures in a basal mineral synthetic medium free of vitamin-precursors and vitamin-sparing amino acids. Diminished growth activity was observed with biotin sulfone and biotin diamine sulfate, but not with biocytin, N-biotinyl-β-alanine, N-biotinyl-L-aspartic ethyl ester, D-desthiobiotin or biotin-D-sulfoxide. The ability of the organism to utilize desthiobiotin indicates that its block in biosynthesis of biotin occurs at a step prior to desthiobiotin biosynthesis. Pyridoxamine and pyridoxine were both highly growth stimulatory at 1000 and 2056 µg/ml but not in the vitamin range at 1 to 10 µg/ml. Since desoxypyridoxine compounds failed to inhibit growth in the absence of B6, it was concluded thatC. albicans has no dependency for vitamin B6, although it actively metabolizes it. Pyridoxamine shortened the lag phase of the organism and reversed the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, pointing to a new role of vitamin B6 in nucleic acid metabolism of the organism. Inhibition indices for pyridoxamine and pyridoxine versus FU and FUDR were inconstant, indicating that the antagonism with the fluoropyrimidines was non-competitive in nature and the B6 competes with these compounds at more than one site on the cell.
TL;DR: Three new species of Mortierella viz., M. indica MEHROTRA, M. ambigua MEI-IROTRA and M. vesiculosa have recently been reported from this laboratory, two of which are being reported here as a new species.
Abstract: Three new species of Mortierella viz., M. indica MEHROTRA (MEHROTRA, 1961); M. ambigua MEI-IROTRA and M. vesiculosa (1ViEHROTRA, BAIJAL & MEHROTRA, 1962) have recently been reported from this laboratory. Two species are being reported here. One, M. polycephala CoE~Axs as a new report for India and another M. wol]ii as a new species. A discussion of each of the two species has been given at the end of their respective descriptions.
TL;DR: In this paper, les auteurs ont decouvert, dans le sol roumain, la large presence duMicrosporon nanum (M. nanum) and le faible pouvoir pathogene.
Abstract: Les auteurs ont decouvert, dans le sol roumain, la large presence duMicrosporon nanum —Fuentes 1956. Ils font mention de certaines particularites des souches isolees du sol, a savoir la forme tres variable des macroconidies dont la majorite sont depourvues de septa, l'absence des microconidies, l'absence du pleomorphisme et le faible pouvoir pathogene envers l'homme et les animaux d'experience. Toutefois ils ont reussi a inoculer le champignon, avec resultat positif, a l'homme et au cobaye. La disposition selon le type microsporique, du parasite dans le poils du cobaye atteint de mycose experimentale, de meme que la photoluminescence jaune-verdâtre, caracteristique de ses poils, ont permis aux auteurs de considerer leMicrosporon nanum comme un vraiMicrosporon, distinct duMicrosporon gypseum. La large presence dans le sol et le faible pouvoir pathogene prouve, selon les auteurs, que leM. nanum est un saprophyte du sol.
TL;DR: The present investigation encompasses 16 strains, all cultured from tinea microsporina, and the development of true macroconidia was observed, both the perfect and imperfect forms ofAnixiopsis stercoraria and cultural characteristics of the perfect form and its pathogenicity are discussed.
Abstract: It is herein reported on the discovery of the imperfect stage of an ascomycete,Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen)Hansen, 1897, which is also the imperfect stage of another ascomycete,Arthroderma uncinatum,Dawson &Gentles, 1961:Keratinomyces ajelloiVanbreuseghem, 1952. Thus, the same imperfect form belongs to two different perfect forms.
TL;DR: Since soil contains many fungi and nematodes competing for nutrients in fairly restricted spheres such as soil particles, bits of organic matter, or the rhizospheres of growing plants, the influence of a nematode-supporting fungus such as Penicillium digitatum on a predaceous fungus may be greater than the direct effect of some Nematode upon the predaceous mushroom.
Abstract: The data and observations presented indicate that the factors controlling the nematode-capturing efficiency of predaceous fungi are complex. There seems to be little correlation between the ability to capture nematodes and the optimum growth rate of the capturing fungus, but there may be some relation between the motility of a nematode and the ease with which it may be captured. Since soil contains many fungi and nematodes competing for nutrients in fairly restricted spheres such as soil particles, bits of organic matter, or the rhizospheres of growing plants, the influence of a nematode-supporting fungus such asPenicillium digitatum on a predaceous fungus may be greater than the direct effect of some nematode upon the predaceous fungus or vice versa.
TL;DR: It is to be concluded that T. quinckeanum is a peculiar dermatophyte species, corresponding to Quincke's α-Pilz, but cannot be assimilated by the group ofT.
Abstract: The cultivation of four old non-sporulating strains ofTrichophyton quinckeanum on solid nutrient medium with 15% CO2 (Sabouraud dextrose agar) gave an increased production of macroconidia. The macroconidia are multilocular with smooth walls. It is believed that the polymorphism of the macroconidia — some with pointed tip and other with round terminal cell — is characteristic of the species and has a taxonomic significance. Macroconidia with a pointed end cell are not of theMicrosporon type, since they have smooth walls and are not pointed on both ends Filiform appendages from the terminal cell occur regularly. Small and large macroconidia were seen. The microconidia are pyriform or elongated. No rounded microconidia withBotrytis type of arrangement were observed. The so-calledT. niveum is probably identical withT. quinckeannum.
TL;DR: A new genus of the Gymnoascaceae, Petalosporus nodulosus, characterized by the formation of a discrete but often fragmentary ascocarp the peridium of which undergoes partial disarticulation at maturity, is described.
Abstract: A new genus of the Gymnoascaceae is described and illustrated. A single species,Petalosporus nodulosus, is described. Four isolates representing this new species were isolated from dung in India and California. Morphological development and other diagnostic characteristics are given. The new genus is characterized by the formation of a discrete but often fragmentary ascocarp the peridium of which undergoes partial disarticulation at maturity. At least some of the peridial hyphae have thick walls and are enlarged at septal nodes, and these septa are also the points of disarticulation. A primary generic character is the floral-shaped pattern in which ascospores are found.
TL;DR: It appears that varieties of Gymnoascus reessii cannot readily be distinguished and these groupings merge into one another.
Abstract: A taxonomic study was made of morphological variability in several cultures ofGymnoascus reessii isolated from dung and soil, mostly in California There is considerable variation among isolates of this species with regard to cultural and ascocarp characters such as the nature of the free apices of the peridial hyphae Ascospore characters are quite stable Although certain isolates possibly could be grouped into varieties, such groupings merge into one another Hence, at this time it appears that varieties ofG reessii cannot readily be distinguished The single heretofore described variety,G reessii vardeilephilaeHennings, is reduced to synonymy withG reessiiBaran
TL;DR: Thirty-two strains ofHistoplasma capsulatum were studied concerning their ability to form tuberculate spores and their conversion into the yeast phase and a grinding technique of preparing inocula improved slightly the facility of obtaining the yeastphase over heavy inoculation with unground pieces of mold culture.
Abstract: 1. Thirty-two strains ofHistoplasma capsulatum were studied concerning their ability to form tuberculate spores and their conversion into the yeast phase.
TL;DR: The paper deals with Ascomycetes fungi on Celastrus paniculata Willd, Hysterium celastrina Tilak and Bagnisiella celastrin Tilak are new species described while Eutypella stellulata (Fr)Sacc.
Abstract: The paper deals with Ascomycetes fungi onCelastrus paniculataWilld,Hysterium celastrinaTilak andBagnisiella celastrinaTilak are new species described whileEutypella stellulata (Fr)Sacc. forms a new host record.