Showing papers in "New Zealand Journal of Botany in 1972"
71 citations
TL;DR: Twenty-five species from New Zealand, the Subantarctic islands, and South America are described and classified into two series, Elongata and Radiata.
Abstract: Summary The taxonomic position, status, and characters of Cotula, and its subdivision into three sections are briefly described Section Leptinella is considered a well-defined taxon and its characters and relationships are discussed Twenty-five species from New Zealand, the Subantarctic islands, and South America are described and classified into two series, Elongata and Radiata The following new taxa and names are described: series Oligoleima (from Australia and New Guinea), Elongata and Radiata; five new species, C dispersa, C serrulata, C calcarea, C intermedia, and C nana; two new names, C albida and C membranacea; five new combinations, C rotundata, C traillii subsp pulchella, C pectinata subsp villosa, C pectinata subsp willcoxii, and C pyrethrifolia var linearifolia; four new subspecies, C dispersa subsp rupestris, C dioica subsp monoica, C squalida subsp mediana, and C atrata subsp luteola
66 citations
TL;DR: Investigations of sooty moulds from New Zealand reveal two main groups of species, both of which display distinctive and regular pleomorphism.
Abstract: Summary Investigations of sooty moulds from New Zealand reveal two main groups of species, both of which display distinctive and regular pleomorphism. In one group the hyphae are more or less cylindrical with thc cells generally longer than broad: ascostromata have a Dothidea type centrum and the phialidic and phragmoconidial states are distinctive and diagnostic. This group is included in a new family Euantennariaceae Hughes and Corlett (Dothideales sensu lato). In the second group the hyphae are more or less tapering with the cells generally broader than long: ascostromata have a Pleospora type centrum and the phialidic state is distinctive as are the sympodial, poroconidial, and arthroconidial states if produced. This second group is included in a new family Metacapnodiaceae Hughes and Corlett (Pleosporales). The type species of the type genera of the new families are illustrated and redescribed.
42 citations
TL;DR: There appears to be no environmental stress severely limiting the growth of established trees of Podocarpus hallii on the Pisa Range in Central Otago, and the species has proved to be a poor dendroclimatic indicator.
Abstract: Summary There appears to be no environmental stress severely limiting the growth of established trees of Podocarpus hallii on the Pisa Range in Central Otago. In the sparse stands studied on the Range, trees grow best at their lower limit and, although initiating shoot growth later than the same species in a moist forest environment, achieve comparable though erratic shoot extension for the season. Temperature records during two years indicate that the mean summer isotherm at the trees' upper limit is considerably higher than that recorded for tree lines, either elsewhere in New Zealand or abroad. Since P. hallii does not appear to attain the climatically imposed limits which doubtless exist in the region, it is hardly surprising that the species has proved to be a poor dendroclimatic indicator. Periodic fires probably confine the forest and woodland to their present limits. Extensive log remains and buried charcoals indicate that a mixed forest containing P. hallii, Nothofagus menziesii, and several othe...
40 citations
TL;DR: A pollen grain polyad similar to those of the present day Acacia have been found in a Castlecliffian (Middle Pleistocene) sample from the North Island of New Zealand.
Abstract: Summary Numerous specimens of a pollen grain polyad similar to those of the present day Acacia have been found in a Castlecliffian (Middle Pleistocene) sample from the North Island of New Zealand. Their abundance suggests that the genus Acacia was represented in the Quaternary flora of New Zealand. It may have become extinct during the “last glaciation”. Fossil localities where Acacia has been recorded are listed.
37 citations
TL;DR: Developmental changes in the vascular cambium of Aeschynomene hispida Willd.
Abstract: Summary Developmental changes in the vascular cambium of Aeschynomene hispida Willd. were determined from an analysis of transverse and tangential longitudinal sections of the secondary xylem. Increase in the number of fusiform cambial initials in this plant is brought about by two types of anticlinal division. The majority of these divisions are radial longitudinal, contributing to the number of fusiform cells in the tangential plane. Occasional transverse division of fusiform initials can add cells in the vertical plane. Apart from a slight rearrangement of the cell tips, there is no intrusive growth of the daughter cells following either type of division. Repeated radial longitudinal divisions produce a highly developed storeyed pattern of the fusiform initials when viewed in tangential section, following radial growth. The frequency of radial longitudinal division, recorded as a percentage of the fusiform initials that divide for each millimetre of radial growth, declines with radial distance from the...
30 citations
TL;DR: The floristic account which follows includes a key to the 11 species, 2 subspecies and 2 varieties together with diagnosis, description, reasoned synonymy and notes on habitats, variation and New Zealand distribution for each taxon.
Abstract: Summary Taxonomic history, growth habit and life form are described for Gnaphalium section Euchiton in New Zealand. The floristic account which follows includes a key to the 11 species, 2 subspecies and 2 varieties together with diagnosis, description, reasoned synonymy and notes on habitats, variation and New Zealand distribution for each taxon. New taxa are Gnaphalium limosum, G. audax, G. audax subsp. ruahinicum, G.delicatum and G. ensifer, G. paludosum var. polylepis is a new name. Morphological relationships and geographical distributions within Euchiton are discussed. An index to New Zealand Gnaphalium synonymy completes the treatment.
29 citations
25 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of environment on lichen assemblages of known age is examined and the main cause of variation seems to be the response of the lichens to the rock aspect providing the most favourable moisture conditions.
Abstract: Summary The influence of environment on lichen assemblages of known age is examined. The main cause of variation seems to be the response of the lichens to the rock aspect providing the most favourable moisture conditions. this being dependent on the orientation of each surface to the prevailing wind. However, no really consistent patterns could be found and no specific correlations could be made with anyone climatic factor. The significance of lichens for dating rock surfaces is discussed with reference to the two main causes of variation: stone size (Orwin, 1970) and environment. Definite correlations of lichen patterns with time give lichens some value for comparative dating within one general climatic area.
24 citations
TL;DR: Podocarpus acutifolius is a tall shrub occurring in the Buller district and northern part of Westland Province, while P. totara is a tree with a much wider distribution, while effects of introgression between the two species can be related to the extent of Pleistocene glaciation.
Abstract: Summary Podocarpus acutifolius is a tall shrub occurring in the Buller district and northern part of Westland Province, while P. totara is a tree with a much wider distribution. Plants were scored for growth habit, and width and acuteness of leaves. It was concluded that P. totara remains distinct from P. acutifolius where it occurs within the northern part of the range of the latter, but in the southern part of the overlap there are numerous hybrids. In south Westland, populations are again substantially uniform, but show effects of introgression between the two species. This situation can be related to the extent of Pleistocene glaciation. The introgressed plants are described as Podocarpus totara var. waihoensis var. nov.
22 citations
TL;DR: Sophora populations in Chile and Gough Island are confiimed as S. microphylla and the probable New Zealand origin of these populations is discussed.
Abstract: Summary Sophora microphylla and S. prostrata are readily separated by the phenolic constituents of their seed coats, and both are readily distinguishable from S. tetraptera by the phenolic constituents of their leaves. On this basis Sophora populations in Chile and Gough Island are confiimed as S. microphylla. The probable New Zealand origin of these populations is discussed.
TL;DR: A new scientific reserve in the Eyrewell district on the Canterbury Plains is described, which is a relic of the largest primitive community known for the Canterbury plains, its history, plants, and soils are treated in detail.
Abstract: Summary This paper describes a new scientific reserve in the Eyrewell district on the Canterbury Plains. As this reserve is a relic of the largest primitive community known for the Canterbury Plains, its history, plants, and soils are treated in detail.
TL;DR: It is inferred that tolerance of acid conditions, if not an actual preference for such conditions, may be an important factor in the distribution of some of these tall tussock species as well as in successful grass introduction.
Abstract: Summary Four species of Chionochloa common in the pastoral sector of the tussock grasslands of South Island, New Zealand, were found to have diverging growth responses to lime and superphosphate when grown in a potted high country yellow-brown earth. The probable reasons for this divergence were considered with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus availability. The responses of these species were related to their pattern of occurrence in natural conditions. The comparative behaviour of two introduced grasses was also studied. It is inferred that tolerance of acid conditions, if not an actual preference for such conditions, may be an important factor in the distribution of some of these tall tussock species as well as in successful grass introduction.
TL;DR: Litter fall and throughfall material were measured for one year in a 79-yearold, low altitude, New Zealand Nothofagus solandr; var.
Abstract: Summary Litter fall and throughfall material were measured for one year in a 79-yearold, low altitude, New Zealand Nothofagus solandr; var. solandri forest. Total fall was 5,688 kgjhajannum (26 × 106 kcal/ha/annum) for a lower hill-slope, and 4,970 kg/ha/annum (23 × 103 kcal/ha/annum) for an adjacent upper hillslope. There was a peak winter fall of green leaves.
TL;DR: Future structure of the forest is discussed in the light of a probable wetter and warmer climate, which should result in increased kauri, taraire and possibly podocarp components at the expense of tawa and hard beech.
Abstract: Summary Forest covers most of the 96 square miles of land over 500 ft. altitude in the Hunua Ranges. The forest is classified into five main types: tawa-podocarp forest (75% of the total); kauri, hard beech, tanekaha forest; taraire forest; montane scrub forest over 2,000 ft altitude; and remnants of coastal forest below 300 ft. altitude. The vegetation has been modified by long term climatic changes as well as more recent animal and human activity. Future structure of the forest is discussed in the light of a probable wetter and warmer climate. This should result in increased kauri, taraire and possibly podocarp components at the expense of tawa and hard beech.
TL;DR: Sail Rock appears to be the least modified of the small islands so far described from the Hauraki Gulf, northern New Zealand as discussed by the authors, which can be used as part of a discontinuous control area for studying the effects of this rat on the flora, fauna, and structure of New Zealand coastal communities.
Abstract: Summary Sail Rock appears to be the least modified of the small islands so far described from the Hauraki Gulf, northern New Zealand. The four communities mapped can be correlated with sites of differing stability; a vegetation of Disphyma australe and Muehlenbeckia complexa on cliffs, Coprosma repens scrub on unstable slopes of fine talus, Corynocarpus laevigatus forest on an unstable slope of boulders, and Paratrophis banksii-Melicope ternata forest on a semistable talus slope. The composition of the island's vegetation, compared to other islands, can be related to lack of disturbance by fire and the absence on Sail Rock of the kiore or Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans). Although small, the island can be used as part of a discontinuous control area for studying the effects of this rat on the flora, fauna, and structure of New Zealand coastal communities.
TL;DR: An account of the morphological development of Ripogonum scandens, information relevant to its ecology, a distribution map based on its presence or absence in grid squares, and bibliographic references to other information are included.
Abstract: Summary This paper includes an account of the morphological development of Ripogonum scandens, information relevant to its ecology, a distribution map based on its presence or absence in grid squares, and bibliographic references to other information.
TL;DR: The New Zealand and southern Australian form of Doodia media R.Br, is separable from the type from Queensland and is described here as subspecies australis, and D. squarrosa Col. is reinstated as a species distinct from D. caudata (Cav.)R.Br.
Abstract: Summary The New Zealand and southern Australian form of Doodia media R.Br, is separable from the type from Queensland and is described here as subspecies australis. D. squarrosa Col. is reinstated as a species distinct from D. caudata (Cav.)R.Br. The hybrid D. caudata × media ssp. australis is described and named D. × digena. D. milnei Carr is recognised as a full species restricted to the Kermadec Islands. The Australian species D. aspera R.Br, is recorded for the first time in New Zealand. A key to the New Zealand taxa is given, based on field grown plants, both living and as herbarium specimens, and plants grown in a uniform environment for two years. Typification, descriptions, synonymy of New Zealand material, habitat data, distribution maps, and citation of specimens examined are given for each taxon.
TL;DR: Hybrids between the endemic Disphyma australe and two adventive species of Carpobrotus, namely C. edulis and C. aequilaterus, occur naturally in coastal areas throughout New Zealand.
Abstract: Summary Hybrids between the endemic Disphyma australe and two adventive species of Carpobrotus, namely C. edulis and C. aequilaterus, occur naturally in coastal areas throughout New Zealand. The hybrids are highly sterile triploids. Both exhibit parental characters although in size and form they resemble Disphyma more closely.
TL;DR: The relationship of earth movements at Gisborne to other events including the Taupo Pumice eruptions, the significance of layers of preserved manuka (Leptospermum) in swamps, and changes in the coastline near Whakatane are discussed.
Abstract: Summary From 26 sites in the central and eastern parts of North Island, New Zealand, 37 specimens of wood have been identified botanically and their stratigraphic position established in relation to tephra layers of known age. Driftwood derived mainly from podocarp trees (Dacrydium, Podocarpus) was sampled from five sites associated with old shorelines and river terraces in the Waipaoa River Catchment, and from two sites in the Whakatane River Catchment. The results indicate times at which the corresponding vegetation was growing in the upper parts of these catchments. Stumps between tephra layers sampled from coastal lowlands were mostly from podocarp trees growing in situ during the interval 2,100 to 1,800 yr B.P. The paper also discusses the relationship of earth movements at Gisborne to other events including the Taupo Pumice eruptions, the significance of layers of preserved manuka (Leptospermum) in swamps, and changes in the coastline near Whakatane.
TL;DR: Six populations of a putative hybrid Dacrydium have been located within the Tongariro National Park, New Zealand, and Cytological and chemical analyses have shown these to F1 hybrids of D. laxifolium and D. intermedium.
Abstract: Summary Six populations of a putative hybrid Dacrydium have been located within the Tongariro National Park, New Zealand Cytological and chemical analyses have shown these to F1 hybrids of D laxifolium and D intermedium The hybrid is heterozygous for two paracentric inversions in separate acrocentric chromosomes, and is highly infertile A small percentage of viable seed is set on the hybrid, but it is suggested that this may be apomictic The cross has been repeated experimentally
TL;DR: Twelve species and subspecific taxa of Laccaria (Agaricales) occurring in New Zealand are described and illustrated (including line drawings of microscopic characters) and eight appear to be indigenous.
Abstract: Summary Twelve species and subspecific taxa of Laccaria (Agaricales) occurring in New Zealand are described and illustrated (including line drawings of microscopic characters): Laccaria echinospora (Speg.) Singeer, L. fibrillosa sp. nov., L. glabripes sp. nov., L. lilacina G. Stevens., L. masonii G. Stevens., L. masonii var. brevispinosa var. nov., L. ohiensis (Mont.) Singer, L. ohiensis var. parahysata var. nov., L. proxima (Boud.) Pat., L. tetraspora f. tetraspora Singer, L. tetraspora f. major Singer, and L. violaceo-niger G. Stevens. All these species normally accompany Nothofagus, Leptospermum, Pomaderris, or exotic genera known to form ectotrophic mycorrhizas, and eight of them appear to be indigenous. A key to the species is given and doubtful records of species in New Zealand discussed.
TL;DR: Interspecific differences in strength of leaf blades, measured by breaking load, are present among four eastern South Island species of Chionochloa; when breaking load is corrected for difference in dry weight of uniform lengths of blade three groups are recognised.
Abstract: Summary Interspecific differences in strength of leaf blades, measured by breaking load, are present among four eastern South Island species of Chionochloa; when breaking load is corrected for difference in dry weight of uniform lengths of blade three groups are recognised, C. rubra = C. rigida > C. flavescens > C. macra Strength is correlated with both cellulose and lignin concentration though variable in expression; strength is also related to leaf anatomy in that species with a continuous band of abaxial sclerenchyma are stronger than those with an interrupted band. Neither leaf anatomy nor concentration of structural polysaccharides and lignin adequately accounts for the variable data. Leaf sheaths are only half as strong as blades and there is no correlation with cellulose or lignin levels. Leaf strength is an adequate taxonomic character.
TL;DR: A previously described lager of buried wood was re-examined along Hamilton Creek in the Harper branch of the Rakaia River and all these subfossil remains were identified as mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides), the present forest dominant in the district as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Summary A previously described lager of buried wood was re-examined along Hamilton Creek in the Harper branch of the Rakaia River. Additional plant material was recovered from the same layer and all these subfossil remains were identified as mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides), the present forest dominant in the district. Published radiocarbon dates for the buried wood indicate that mountain beech has dominated these forests for at least the last 5,000 years. Nothofagus in the Rakaia catchment is thought to be derived from two complementary sources: by migration from northern refugia during the post-glacial period—the last 14,000 years; and by expansion from minor refugia within the catchment wherein Nothofagus survived through the late Otira glacial. Attention is drawn also to the paucity of identified plant material among the published radiocarbon dates for New Zealand.
TL;DR: Levels of cellulose and hemicellulose were measured in standard leaf samples from four species of Chionochloa after both acid hydrolysis and alkali fractionation and analysis of successive lengths of mature leaf blades from the four species showed little variation in cellulose over the entire length but some gradation in hemiceLLulose.
Abstract: Summary Levels of cellulose and hemicellulose were measured in standard leaf samples from four species of Chionochloa (C flavescens, C macra, C rigida, C rubra) after both acid hydrolysis and alkali fractionation Characteristic ranges of 24–26% hemicellulose and 30–32% cellulose in the leaf samples were obtained Chionochloa macra cellulose (26%) and C flavescens hemicellulose (22%) were clearly below these values Analysis of successive lengths of mature leaf blades from the four species showed little variation in cellulose over the entire length but some gradation in hemicellulose Basal sheaths of the four species showed low levels of cellulose compared with the leaves and consequently a higher proportion of hemicellulose relative to cellulose compared with the leaves Leaf and sheath hemicellulose was fractionated into hemicellulose-A and -B under carefully controlled conditions Sheath hemicellulose contained a higher proportion of hemicellulose-B than leaf hemicellulose
TL;DR: Margins between scree and stable vegetation proved to be remarkably permanent, although in most of the transects there was a transitional zone with a sparse cover of rhizomatous plants, usually Muehlenbeckia axillaris.
Abstract: Summary Transects to measure changes in plant cover over a 10-year period were laid out on recently deposited river gravel and along the margins of a scree On the former, Epilobium melanocaulon and the mat plant Raoulia tenuicaulis increased most rapidly and provided most of the cover Under most circumstances, much slower-growing but longer-living species could be expected to replace these pioneers to form a stony herbfield, although in this particular instance the presence of seedlings of Nothofagus solandri var cliffortioides indicator that the succession would be to beech forest Margins between scree and stable vegetation proved to be remarkably permanent, although in most of the transects there was a transitional zone with a sparse cover of rhizomatous plants, usually Muehlenbeckia axillaris The largest linear gain by vegetation at the expense of scree (19 cm) was by the prostrate shrub Podocarpus nivalis
TL;DR: Five species of Xylohypha are illustrated and described and the later synonyms assigned to each of the first theee names are explained by reference to type or authenticated collections.
Abstract: Summary Five species of Xylohypha are illustrated and described: these are X. nigrescens, X. curta, X. ferruginosa, X. novae-zelandiae n. sp., and X. palmicola n. sp. The last three species are recorded from New Zealand. The later synonyms assigned to each of the first theee names are explained by reference to type or authenticated collections.
TL;DR: Eight ectomycorrhizal subtypes and eighteen sub-subtypes were found in Nothofagus solandri var.
Abstract: Summary Eight ectomycorrhizal subtypes and eighteen sub-subtypes were found in Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides in New Zealand in the course of one year. Subtypes, identified according to Dominik's classification, were A, B, C, F, G, H, I, and K. There were variations in relative frequency of these subtypes at different times of the year. More than one subtype could frequently be distinguished on a single root. Black mycorrhiza involving Cenococcum graniforme occurred infrequently. Subtype B, common in Fagus in Czechoslovakia, occurred most frequently of all subtypes.
TL;DR: It is suggested that random effects may be important in determining population means, and that the populations are strongly buffered against selective change.
Abstract: Summary Progenies were grown from a number of plants of Trifolium arvense from several localities in the South Island, New Zealand. Date of commencement of flowering was recorded, and means and within- and between-progenies variances computed. Means of samples from different localities, and of samples collected within localities varied considerably, but these differences could not be related to environmental differences between the collecting sites. It is suggested that random effects may be important in determining population means, and that the populations are strongly buffered against selective change. The breeding system of T. arvense in New Zealand is probably predominantly self-fertilisation, but with a significant amount of out-crossing.