Showing papers in "Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi in 1976"
TL;DR: Carp were fed on diets containing different levels of calcium and phosphorus, resulting in reduced growth, low feed efficiency and deformity of the head, and radiography of the fish receiving a low-phosphorus diet showed an insufficient development of the bones.
Abstract: Carp were fed on diets containing different levels of calcium and phosphorus. The rearing water contained 20ppm calcium and 0.002ppm phosphorus. The growth rate correlated positively with dietary phosphorus levels but not with calcium levels. Feeding with a low-phosphorus diet resulted in reduced growth, low feed efficiency and deformity of the head. Dietary phosphorus levels affected greatly the ash, calcium and phosphorus contents of the vertebrae. Radiography of the fish receiving a low-phosphorus diet showed an insufficient development of the bones. The available phosphorus level in a diet producing the maximal growth was found to be 0.6 to 0.7%.
137 citations
TL;DR: The water-soluble toxin was tentatively named maitotoxin (MT) after the Tahitian name for surgeonfish maito as discussed by the authors.MT was obtained from surgeonfish Ctenochaetus striatus.
Abstract: Specimens of surgeonfish Ctenochaetus striatus collected in Tahiti contained a water-soluble toxin in addition to ciguatoxin. The water-soluble toxin was tentatively named maitotoxin (MT) after the Tahitian name for surgeonfish maito. Purification of MT was achievable by the standard purification procedures for polar lipids. The toxin was eluted from a silicic acid column with chloroform-methanol (6:4) and from a cellulose column with chloroform-methanol-methanol-water (5:15:1). Upon gel-filtration through Sephadex G-25, it appeared in the fractions near void volume. Acid hydrolysis of the toxin afforded fatty acids, glucose and galactose, and 15 amino acids. The minimum lethal dose to mice by ip injection was estimated to be 15-20mg/kg. Guppies put in 40 ppm solution of MT died within 150min. These chemical and physiological properties indicated a close similarity of MT to the ichthyotoxin produced by the phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum.
105 citations
TL;DR: In rainbow trout, lipid was utilized more effectively than carbohydrate (α-starch and dextrin) as an energy source for utilization of dietary protein and carp utilized carbohydrate effectively as a energy source.
Abstract: The relationships between dietary energy sources and the utilization of dietary proteins have been investigated with rainbow trout and carp. In rainbow trout, lipid was utilized more effectively than carbohydrate (α-starch and dextrin) as an energy source for utilization of dietary protein. The values for PER and NPU of casein at low protein levels were markedly different according to the kind of energy sources used. Accordingly, the protein level producing the maximum growth rate also differed according to the main energy sources used. On the other hand, carp utilized carbohydrate effectively as an energy source.
90 citations
TL;DR: An epizootic occurred among cultured yellowtails in Tosashimizu Bay in Kochi Prefecture during the period from late July through September 1974, and the typical symptoms of the disease were bilateral exophthalmos (Fig. 1), petechiae on the inside of the opercula and congestion of the pectoral and caudal fins.
Abstract: During the period from late July through September 1974, an epizootic occurred among cultured yellowtails in Tosashimizu Bay in Kochi Prefecture. The typical symptoms of the disease were bilateral exophthalmos (Fig. 1), petechiae on the inside of the opercula and congestion of the pectoral and caudal fins. Internally there was congestion and haemorrhagia of the intestine, liver, spleen and kidney. Tne causative organism was Gram-positive, nonsporing ovoid cells occurring in short chains and about 1.4×0.7μ (Fig. 2). Growth occurred at 10-45°C and optimum temperature appeared to be 20-37°C. Optimum salt concentration for growth was 0%, and growth occurred at the concentration range of 0-6.5%. Optimum pH for growth was about 7.5. The organism was inert to production of ammonia, gelatinase, urease, indol and hydrosulfide, and to reductions by methylene blue, litmas milk and nitrate. Catalase, starch hydrolysis, cytochrome oxdase, casein digestion and PT test were negative. MR test, VP reaction and TTC reduction were positive. Because of the growth in 6.5% NaCl, at pH 9.6 and in 0.1% methylene blue milk, the organism was placed in the genus Streptococcus, group III. The organism was found to be not identical in its biochemical characteristic and pathogenicity to fish to any formerly established species of the genus Streptococcus.
72 citations
TL;DR: It might be concluded that mictic female production, which is one of the stages of bisexual reproduction, is a density dependent phenomenon and the efficacy of bisexual reproduced inducing factors increases in time throughout the course of the culture.
Abstract: The effects of external conditions and internal factors on bisexual reproduction were investigated. More mictic females appeared at 5 individuals/ml than at 1 individ./ml. Even when cultured individually, the animals put in 0.1ml medium produced mictic females similarly as those cultured together. Mictic female production was effectively suppressed when the culture medium was renewed regularly. It might be concluded that mictic female production, which is one of the stages of bisexual reproduction, is a density dependent phenomenon. Furthermore, the efficacy of bisexual reproduction inducing factors increases in time throughout the course of the culture. It was suggested that some internal (innate or genetic) factors took part in bisexual reproduction, as deduced from the results that there were differences in the manner of mictic female production among mothers placed in identical environments. Accordingly in case that a massculture is maintained for a long term, only the strains that have less ability to reproduce bisexually are supposed to succeed because any individual in the identical strain has the same gene through parthenogenesis. Hereafter, adopting proper individuals should be the prerequisite for any experiment to study the inducing factors.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, 20:5ω3:22:6ω3=1:1) with that of linolenic acid (18:3ω3) on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout were compared.
Abstract: Feeding experiments were conducted to compare the effects of ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA, 20:5ω3:22:6ω3=1:1) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3) with that of linolenic acid (18:3ω3) on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. Addition of ω3 fatty acids, not only 18:3ω3 but also 22:6ω3 and HUFA even at low levels, to an EFA-deficient diet vastly improved growth and feed conversion. Supplemental effects of 0.25% 22:6ω3 and 0.25% HUFA on the growth of rainbow trout were comparable to that of 0.5% 18:3ω3 and those of 0.5% 22:6ω3 and 0.5% HUFA slightly exceeded those of 1 to 3% 18:3ω3. The diet containing 1% 22:6ω3 or 1% HUFA gave the best weight gain and the best feed conversion. These results, together with EFA index and analytical data, indicated that rainbow trout responded better to dietary 22:6ω3 and HUFA than to 18:3ω3 and that 22:6ω3 and HUFA were more effective as EFA than 18:3ω3. Feeding the EFA-deficient diet resulted in raising the levels of the “abnormal” polyunsaturated 20:3ω9 and monoethylenic fatty acids, 16:1 and 18:1, and these levels were lowered by both 22:6ω3, HUFA and 18:3ω3. HUFA and 22:6ω3 appeared to be more efficient than 18:3ω3 in reducing the level of these fatty acids.
59 citations
TL;DR: The biosynthesis of astaxanthin in the prawn was studied using pure carotenoids and preparations obtained from natural sources and pigmented preparations from corn gluten, alfalfa and Spirulina were found to increase the body astXanthin to various degrees.
Abstract: The biosynthesis of astaxanthin in the prawn was further studied using pure carotenoids and preparations obtained from natural sources. Zeaxanthin, obtained from the Chinese lantern, was fed to the prawn, Penaeus japonicus Bate. Astaxanthin was biosynthesized from zeaxanthin, thus indicating the existence of a second pathway to astaxanthin in the prawn. Canthaxanthin and astaxanthin from crab waste were respectively metabolized to and absorbed as body astaxanthin in the prawn. Pigmented preparations from corn gluten, alfalfa and Spirulina (blue-green alga) were found to increase the body astaxanthin to various degrees.
56 citations
TL;DR: The growth and feed efficiency responses of red sea bream fingerlings to ω3 fatty acids were determined by supplementing a corn oil diet and a lauric acid diet with linolenic acid and/or ω2 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
Abstract: The growth and feed efficiency responses of red sea bream fingerlings to ω3 fatty acids were determined by supplementing a corn oil diet and a lauric acid diet with linolenic acid and/or ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The fish fed a linolenic acid supplement showed poor growth and feed efficiency even at a 3 or 4% level, in comparison with those fed the control diet YR-1 of pollack residual oil. PUFA fed at a 2% level supported excellent growth and feed efficiency as did the pollack residual oil.
55 citations
TL;DR: Some 5400 specimens of anguillid elvers and youngs collected in 1970-1974 from the Cagayan Estuary of Luzon Island, the Philippines, and the neighbouring eel ponds were studied, especially on species composition and their seasonal occurrence.
Abstract: Some 5400 specimens of anguillid elvers and youngs collected in 1970-1974 from the Cagayan Estuary of Luzon Island, the Philippines, and the neighbouring eel ponds were studied, especially on species composition and their seasonal occurrence. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The elvers and youngs, based on sectional counts of vertebrae, were identified as Anguilla celebesensis, A. marmorata, A. japonica and A. bicolor pacifica. 2) Besides sectional counts of the vertebrae, the caudal cutaneous pigmentation was found to be useful for specific identification of the Philippine eels in the early elver stage. 3) The elvers occurred in the Estuary during most of the year, and were most abundant in March and August. 4) A. marmorata, one of the dominant elvers, was found mainly in the first half of the year, with a peak in March, while A. celebesensis, another dominant elver, was seen during most of the year, attaining its peak in August. 5) A. bicolor pacifica and A. japonica, the minor species in the present observation, appeared mainly in October to February, and January and February, respectively.
43 citations
34 citations
TL;DR: It was postulated that ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in pollock liver oil may have a higher efficiency than that of linolenic acid in a manner similar to the relationship existing between linoleic and arachidonic acids in mammals.
Abstract: The study was conducted preliminarily to examine the effect of dietary pollock liver oil on the growth of rainbow trout and to clarify the effective components in the oil by feeding the two principal fractions, nonsaponifiables and total fatty acids, separated from pollock liver oil. The results showed that pollock liver oil had a superior food value for fish growth and that its fatty acid fraction was the principal element, judging from the growth conditions and analytical data. In addition, a diet containing methyl linolenate in a quantity comparable to the total amount of ω3 fatty acids contained in pollock liver oil produced better growth, but the growth enhancing effect of the methyl linolenate was far less than that of the original pollock liver oil. It was thus postulated that ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in pollock liver oil may have a higher efficiency than that of linolenic acid in a manner similar to the relationship existing between linoleic and arachidonic acids in mammals.
TL;DR: A conjugated-PCP was found in the bile of goldfish, Carassius auratus, after 5-hr exposure to PCP, and was identified as pentachlorophenyl-β-glucuronide by hydrolysis on incubation with β- glucuronidase, and by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.
Abstract: A conjugated-PCP was found in the bile of goldfish, Carassius auratus, after 5-hr exposure to PCP (0.1 ppm). The biliary concentration of the conjugated-PCP increased with exposure time and reached a level of 4.46 μmoles/g, corresponding to a concentration factor of 12000 at 48-hr. The conjugate was isolated by treating the bile with activated charcoal columns, followed by elution with an acetone-ammonia mixture, finally passing the concentrated eluate through a Sephadex G-10 column. The isolated conjugate was identified as pentachlorophenyl-β-glucuronide by hydrolysis on incubation with β-glucuronidase, and by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography, and by determination of the molar ratio of PCP to glucuronic acid. No other conjugates including the sulfate conjugate were detected in the bile.
TL;DR: The algal specimens, mussels and short-necked clams collected during or im-mediately after the outbreak of Gonyaulax sp.
Abstract: The algal specimens, mussels and short-necked clams were collected during or im-mediately after the outbreak of Gonyaulax sp. at Owase Bay in 1975. Extraction and purification of the toxins were carried out according to the method used for the isolation of the toxins in softshell clams and cultured G. tamarensis. By a combination of Sephadex G-15, Bio-Gel P-2 and Bio-Rex 70 column chromatography, six toxins were isolated from each specimen. Of these, five were identified as saxitoxin, GTX1, GTX1', GTX2, and GTX3, respectively, which were found in G. tamarensis. The major toxin JGXI was found to be a new one.
TL;DR: Three feeding studies with channel catfish fry suggest that the high frequency of feeding requirement of smaller catfish is related to their high feed intake rate.
Abstract: Three feeding studies were conducted with channel catfish fry, Ictalurus punctatus, to determine if growth could be enhanced by increasing the frequency of feeding. When fish were less than 1.5g the best growth rate was obtained by feeding 8 times a day (once every 3 hours); however, for larger fry (more than 1.5g) growth rate obtained from fish fed 4 times a day between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. was not significantly different from other treatments. The feed intake rate (% biomall/day) decreased from approximately 10% to 5% as fish grew from 0.25 to 4g and feed conversion efficiency was not affected greatly by frequency of feeding. These data suggest that the high frequency of feeding requirement of smaller catfish is related to their high feed intake rate.
TL;DR: A comparison of the first order denaturation rate constants of the two proteins at 30°C and 35°C revealed that both actomyosin and myosin of tilapia are most stable, followed by the skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tunas, carp, star-spotted shark, yellowtail, flatfish and cod, in decreasing order of stability.
Abstract: Thermal and urea labilities of actomyosin and myosin Ca2+-ATPase from several fish species have been investigated at constant pH, KCI and tris-maleate buffer concentration. A comparison of the first order denaturation rate constants (KD) of the two proteins at 30°C and 35°C revealed that both actomyosin and myosin of tilapia are most stable, followed by the skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tunas, carp, star-spotted shark, yellowtail, flatfish and cod, in decreasing order of stability. But, both proteins from tilapia are remarkably unstable in comparison with those of rabbit. The order of stability of Ca2+-ATPase, as established from the KD values for urea denaturation, is the same as the above excepting the star-spotted shark. The actomyosin Ca2+-ATPase of this species is more resistant to thermal denaturation than those of carp and the tunas, whereas its urea lability is less than that of carp and comparable to those of the tunas. The mechanism of thermal and urea denaturation and the molecular adaptation of both muscle proteins in fishes has been discussed.
TL;DR: Three species of dactylogyrids were found on the gills of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla which were cultured in eel farm ponds in Japan as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Three species of dactylogyrids were found on the gills of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla which were cultured in eel farm ponds in Japan. They were all classified into the genus Pseudodactylogyrus GUSSEV, 1965, and were identified as P. microrchis n. sp., P. anguillae and P. bini. P. microrchis closely resembles P. anguillae, but definitely differs in the size of the testis and the prostatic reservoir from that of P. anguillae, where these organs of the former are much smaller than those of the latter. In addition, the length of anchor, the bar and the cirrus accessory of P. microrchis are significantly shorter than the those of P. anguillae.
TL;DR: The interaction of metals between sediments and deposit-feeder marine worms (Nereis japonica) and uptake and excretion of metals by worms were examined by laboratory ex-periments using 115mCd to simulate the results close to that occuring in the natural ecosystem.
Abstract: To know the role played by marine sediments in influencing the fate of discharged metals, (1) the interaction of metals between sediments and deposit-feeder marine worms (Nereis japonica), and (2) uptake and excretion of metals by worms were examined by laboratory ex-periments using 115mCd. Worms directly in contact with 115mCd-sediments accumulated 115mCd six times more than worms that were not in contact with the 115mCd sediments during the 8 days of experimentation and 12% of 115mCd in sediments were noted to be transfered to worms per unit. Comparing the concentration factor of 22 (from sea water) with accumula-tion from sediments, it was assumed that 115mCd in sediments would give the effect of 1/200 to the accumulation of 115mCd by worms in sea water to the accumulation of 115mCd. Further, to simulate these results close to that occuring in the natural ecosystem, the distribution of 115mCd in sea water, sediments and alga were also examined by means of a curve analysis of 115mCd were 9 for sediments and 21 for alga, which was similar to 22 for worms.
TL;DR: The absorbed free form zeaxanthin, partially stored in the intestine and hepatopancreas, is transfered to the integument directly or through the hepatopANCreas.
Abstract: The absorbed free form zeaxanthin, partially stored in the intestine and hepatopancreas, is transfered to the integument directly or through the hepatopancreas. In the integument, zeaxanthin is esterified and converted to astaxanthin via adonixanthin via adonixanthin to maintain the equilibrium among zeaxanthin ester, adonixanthin ester and astaxanthin ester.
TL;DR: The albumin evidently differs from the human type in its ability to bind BCG and BPB, molecular size, electrophoretic mobility, and nature of the lipid moiety.
Abstract: The presence and nature of an albumin in carp plasma were investigated. It was estimated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis that the albumin was 34.6 per cent of the total plasma protein. The albumin obtained from carp plasma was a kind of lipoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 15×104, having a lipid content of 22.3 per cent of which 12.2 per cent consisted of free fatty acids. More than half of plasma lipid is conjugated with the albumin. The albumin evidently differs from the human type in its ability to bind BCG and BPB, molecular size, electrophoretic mobility, and nature of the lipid moiety.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the synthesis and secretion of enzymes in response to feeding is not transient, and there is a time lag between the decrease in the amount of food in the digestive tract and the increase in the activity of the digestive enzymes.
Abstract: Enzyme activities were studied over a period of time after feeding with a commercial pellet either once (I) or twice (II) a day. In both I & II, intestinal protease activity increased after the first feeding with a maximum at 5-7.5 hr. Amylase activity also reached a maximum at 5-7.5 hr, although it decreased temporarily after each feeding. Hepato-pancreatic protease decreased immediately and at 5-7.5 hr, recovering 10.5hr after the first feeding in both I & II. Hepatopancreatic amylase in I showed minimal activity after 5 hr with recovery thereafter. In II, at 5 hr after the second feeding, the level of activity was still far lower than the original one. It was concluded that the synthesis and secretion of enzymes in response to feeding is not transient, and that there is a time lag between the decrease in the amount of food in the digestive tract and the increase in the activity of the digestive enzymes.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of Aw on browning resulting from the oxidation of linoleate was studied in freeze-dried model systems, and the system was adjusted to various Aw, and stored at 35°C.
Abstract: The effect of Aw on browning resulting from the oxidation of linoleate was studied in freeze-dried model systems. The systems were adjusted to various Aw, and stored at 35°C. Brown pigments were extracted from the model systems and fractionated into lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions. Water played an important role in the browning reaction. In the humidified system not only lipophilic but also hydrophilic brown pigments were found, whereas in the dry system only a lipophilic brown pigment was found. The formation of lipophilic brown pigment was fastest at Aw≈0, and decreased with increasing Aw to the critical value of 0. 41, but, when Aw was higher than 0. 41, browning increased with increasing Aw up to 0. 84. On the other hand, the formation of hydrophilic brown pigment differed from that of lipophilic brown pigment: the browning increased with increasing Aw from Aw≈O to the maximum region of 0. 41-0. 67, then decreased with increasing Aw. The observed effect of Aw on the formation of lipophilic and hydrophilic brown pigments was discussed based on the effect of Aw on the pattern of linoleate oxidation.
TL;DR: From results, it may be reasonably said that the food poisoning which occurred in Marcus Island upon ingestion of the turban shell was due to ciguatera.
Abstract: Investigation of the ether soluble fraction prepared from the viscera of a turban shell, Turbo argyrostoma, disclosed the presence of two toxins whose chromatographic behaviors resembled those of ciguatoxin and scaritoxin, respectively. Another toxin in the water soluble fraction was found to be closely related to maitotoxin on the basis of chromato-graphic behaviors, IR spectrum, and hydrolysis products which consisted of fatty acids, amino acids, and hexoses. Signs of toxicity in mice and fish were also indistinguishable from those induced by maitotoxin. From these results it may be reasonably said that the food poisoning which occurred in Marcus Island upon ingestion of the turban shell was due to ciguatera.
TL;DR: Genetic studies on blood specimens from the southwestern Pacific Ocean indicate that the boundary between ranges of the above two subpopulations stays within the Tasman Sea all the year round and suggest that the western limit of the range of the central-eastern Pacific subpopulation(s) extends to the west close to the east coast of New South Wales in early winter in the southern hemisphere.
Abstract: A series of earlier genetic studies on blood groups and isozymes indicated the existence of at least two separate subpopulations of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean and that the boundary between ranges of the different subpopulations shifts east-westerly by season in the offshore waters of the east coast of Japan and in the waters between the Bonin-Mariana Chain and the international date line in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Insufficient data, however, had made such description difficult for the southwestern Pacific Ocean.More recent genetic studies on blood specimens from the southwestern Pacific Ocean indicate that the boundary between ranges of the above two subpopulations stays within the Tasman Sea all the year round and suggest that the western limit of the range of the central-eastern Pacific subpopulation(s) extends to the west close to the east coast of New South Wales in early winter in the southern hemisphere. On the basis of genetic data accumulated for the last eleven years, rejection limits of frequencies of an allele, E1sj, which determines the fastest band of serum esterase variants, were recalculated for the above two subpopulations.