Showing papers in "Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology in 2011"

Review of Some Water Quality Management Principles in Culture Fisheries

Abstract: A review of some water quality management principles in culture Fisheries was carried out to provide fish culturist and environmental manager adequate knowledge to manage our fishery resources. Optimum fish production can be achieved only when the water quality is effectively managed. The required levels of physical and chemical characteristics of the culture medium, is necessary for fish culture. Some variables influence also water quality. Interactions between these variables can become complex and would require much more explanation. Salinity, conductivity, sediment, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, carbon (iv) oxide, pH, alkalinity, com compounds in water, estimation of nitrogenous compound, plankton , algae, light and dark method, plankton collection, plankton bloom and fish kill, pond productivity, harvest methods, carbon (iv) assimilation, carbon-14-fixation, nutrient uptake and chlorophyll are some water quality parameter reviewed to provide fish culturist and environmental manager adequate knowledge to manage our fishery resources.

A Survey on Meta-Heuristic Global Optimization Algorithms

Abstract: Optimization has been an active area of research for several decades. As many real-world optimization problems become increasingly complex, better optimization algorithms are always needed. Recently, metaheuristic global optimization algorithms have become a popular choice for solving complex and intricate problems, which are otherwise difficult to solve by traditional methods. In the present study, an attempt is made to review the most popular and well known metaheuristic global optimization algorithms introduced during the past decades.

Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing Applications in Flood Hazards Management: A Review

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine and review the various applications of GIS and remote sensing tools in flood disaster management as opposed to the conventional means of recording the hydrological parameters, which in many cases failed to capture an extreme event. In the recent years, GIS along with remote sensing has become the key tools in flood disaster monitoring and management. Advancement particularly in the area of remote sensing application has developed gradually from optical remote sensing to microwave or radar remote sensing, which has proved a profound capability of penetrating a clouded sky and provided all weather capabilities compared to the later (optical remote sensing) in flood monitoring, mapping, and management. The main concern here is delineation of flood prone areas and development of flood hazard maps indicating the risk areas likely to be inundated by significant flooding along with the damageable objects maps for the flood susceptible areas. Actually, flood depth is always considered to be the basic aspect in flood hazard mapping, and therefore in determining or estimating the flood depth, a Digital Elevation Model data (DEM) is considered to be the most appropriate means of determining the flood depth from a remotely sensed data or hydrological data. Accuracy of flood depth estimation depends mainly on the resolution of the DEM data in a flat terrain and in the regions that experiences monsoon seasons such as the developing countries of Asia where there is a high dependence on agriculture, which made any effort for flood estimation or flood hazard mapping difficult due to poor availability of high resolution DEM. More so the idea of Web-based GIS is gradually becoming a reality, which plays an important role in the flood hazard management. Therefore, this paper provides a review of applications of GIS and remote sensing technology in flood disaster monitoring and management.

Assessment of the Quality of Bottled/Sachet Water in the Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality (TM) of Ghana

Abstract: This study aims at assessing the quality of water from bottled/sachet water in the Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality. Tarkwa is an ancient mining town sited in an Equatorial climate in Ghana and experiences high population growth rate as a result of mining activities. Due to this, water resources are under pressure as Ghana Water Company Ltd., (GWCL) produces only 55% of the Municipality's water requirements. The population is skeptical of using other sources of water for domestic purposes because of mining activities. Therefore, majority of the people in the Municipality depend on bottled/sachet water for drinking. This study presents and discusses the results of physicochemical and microbial analyses of six bottled/sachet water samples. The water source of these water producing companies is groundwater. Two sets of samples were collected from each company during the rainy season and the dry season to account for seasonal variations. A representative sample for each company was analyzed by the Chemistry/Bacteria Division of the GWCL, Takoradi for physicochemical parameters including pH, temperature, taste, electrical conductivity, true colour, turbidity total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total alkalinity, total hardness and coliform bacteria. Metals and anions analysed were Ca, Mn, K, Na, Cr, Cd, Sb, Ba. BO3G, total Fe, Pb, Zn, As, NO3G, NO2G SO4G 2 , PO4G 3 , (NH3-N), FG, ClG, CNG, carbonate hardness and bicarbonate hardness. Bacteria analysed were total Coliforms, Escherichia coli and total Heterotrophic bacteria. The concentrations of most of the investigated parameters in the drinking water samples from Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipality were within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO)/Ghana Standard Board (GSB) drinking water quality guidelines except pH, Ba and ClG contents. The pH of SKFDW and DLFWD were respectively 5.5 and 6.31; acidic and lower than the recommended WHO/GSB guideline of 6.5-8.5. The Ba contents in the water samples of ASBFDW and TLFDW Companies were respectively 1.8 and 1.9 mg/L, which are higher than the WHO/GSB threshold values of 0.7 mg/L. SKFDW water samples gave higher analytical ClG value of 274 mg/L which is above the recommended WHO/GSB threshold values of 0-250 mg/L. These packaged waters must be treated before use.

Ecotourism land capability evaluation using spatial multi criteria evaluation.

Abstract: Study ahead, aims at examination of applicability of multi criteria evaluation in land suitability analysis. In recent years, multiple criteria decision making models have been entered in the field of ecological land evaluation studies significantly. Among the important features of multiple criteria decision-making system can be named its involving with various factors weight, or quantifying experts' opinions in decision-making models. In this study, a region with an extent of 7181 ha was selected in Dohezar Basin (located on northern part of Iran) in which the land capability was evaluated for tourism land use using multi criteria evaluation. All criteria were weighed using experts' opinion and relevant standards and ultimately areas were selected as suitable places for tourism which have the highest suitability. Compared with the traditional model in which some important factors is ignored due to its limited ability in simultaneous consideration of all effective criteria as well as poor integration and weighting, can be easily inferred that such a model can not be held accountable in watershed decision-making levels, especially in small and complex physiographic conditions. In multiple criteria evaluation methods, all the indicators after forming the decision matrix and weighting process, were integrated and classified based on the rating received for tourism potentiality, and the suitability map for the tourism land use was prepared. The results of this approach, while consistent with the existing conditions, also has made possible the appropriate decision making to allocate the land to different land uses.

A preliminary analysis of students' problem-posing ability and its relationship to attitudes towards problem solving

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify students' problem-posing ability and students' attitude towards problem solving. In addition, this study will also determine the relationship between students' problem- posing ability and attitude towards problem solving. The sample consisted of 35 form 4 secondary school students. Two instruments were used: The Mathematical Problem-Posing instrument and the Attitudes towards Problem Solving instrument. The results revealed that students are capable of posing a 'Due Problem "better than" Uno Problem'. Perseverance and confidence were moderate, while the dimensions of willingness were at a high level. The findings also found no correlation between students' problem-posing ability and students' attitude towards problem solving.

Thermal Proprieties of Concrete Lightened by Wood Aggregates

Abstract: It is about an experimental study of the thermal proprieties of a concrete lightened by wood aggregates stemming from waste products of the carpentry work. We were especially interested in the comparison between the proprieties of concretes lightened by sawdust and those lightened by wood shavings. The determination of the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of various samples allowed us to demonstrate that the incorporation of wood aggregates in the concrete increases considerably its thermal insulation capacity. Also, we found that, at equal mass percentage of wood aggregates, the concretes elaborated from shavings present thermal insulation capacities better than those obtained from sawdust. On other hand, we have examined the influence of the water content on the thermophysical properties of the studied concretes. So, we have demonstrated and confirmed that the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the studied materials are strongly dependent on the water content.

Adaptive Backstepping Control of an Indoor Micro-Quadrotor

Abstract: Micro-Quadrotor is one of the most popular VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) aerial robots and has enormous potential applications in the field of near-area surveillance and exploration in military and commercial applications. However, stabilizing and position control of the robot are difficult tasks because of the nonlinear dynamic behavior and model uncertainties. Backstepping is a widely used control law for under- actuated systems including quadrotor. But general backstepping control algorithm needs accurate model parameters and isn't robust to external disturbances. In this study, an adaptive integral backstepping control algorithm is proposed to realize robust control of quadrotor. The proposed control algorithm can estimate disturbances online and therefore improve the robustness of the system. Both simulation and experiment results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed control algorithm.

Effect of Moringa oleifera-alum Ratios on Surface Water Treatment in North East Nigeria

Abstract: The aim of this study is to find out the optimum combination for MO and alum using alum as a coagulant aid in household treatment of natural pond surface water for domestic use. The physico-chemical properties investigated for in the raw, settled and filtered water were Ph, Total Dissolved Solids (tds), turbidity, colour and total suspended solids (tss). The various coagulant combinations with which the raw water from the pond was treated include Moringa oleifera (MO) seed powder only (i.e., 100% MO), aluminium sulphate (alum) only (i.e., 100% alum), 20% alum and 80% Moringa oleifera seed powder, 40% alum and 60% Moringa oleifera seed powder, 50% alum and 50% Moringa oleifera seed powder; 60% alum and 40% Moringa oleifera seed powder; and 80% alum and 20% Moringa oleifera seed powder. Five of the seven used coagulant combinations gave acceptable turbidity reduction i.e., below 10NTU. When Moringa oleifera seed powder was used as the sole coagulant, a filter was needed to obtain an acceptable turbidity value of 7.8NTU but there was no need for pH adjustment or correction. Moringa oleifera seed powder can be used in treating household drinking water either as a sole coagulant or in combination with alum (using the alum) as a coagulant aid. The settling time for the MO seed powder is longer than that of the combined coagulants if the same results are to be obtained. The recommended ratio for the combined coagulant dose is 60% MO seed powder and 40% alum.

Prediction of Traveling Behavior in Putrajaya, Malaysia

Abstract: Putrajaya as a new federal administrative of Malaysia has led to a further increase in private car ownership and much higher land prices in the city centre. With jobs concentrated in the city centre, the commuting patterns of the trip makers tend to be that of morning/evening peak hours and this has led to congestion on some of the major highways leading into and out of the city. One possible way to reduce the use of cars is to replace commuter trips by car with other modes of transport, such as a combination of car and public transport called Park & Ride (P&R). The preliminary observation and survey has been carried out among of private car users in Putrajaya. The observations of P&R users show that only two percents parking lots were occupied from 320 parking lots were provided. A random of 50 respondents were interviewed. The findings were discussed about the reason why the car users are refused to use P&R facilities. Analyses about relation between factors such as bus frequency and parking fees at worksite have been made to answer research questions. Logistic regression has been used to analyse the factors that influence users to switch their trips mode to shift to P&R.

Determination of Aquifer Protective Capacity and Corrosivity of Near Surface Materials in Yenagoa City, Nigeria

Abstract: Geoelectrical sounding method was adopted in the evaluation of aquifer protective capacity and corrosivity of near surface materials in Yenagoa city, South South, Nigeria. A total of eleven Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) stations were occupied using the Schlumberger configuration. Five geoelectric layers were identified. Layers four and five are the likely aquiferous horizons with resistivities >280 Sm. The depth to the aquiferous horizon varied between 6.0-52.0 m, and has a rather irregular distribution and thickness. Corrosivity, isopach and longitudinal unit conductance (S) maps were generated from the combination of first and second order geoelectric parameters. The results indicate that the INC and Opolo areas of the city are characterized by weak protective capacity (0.1-0.2 mhos) while other locations investigated are underlain by materials which could be regarded as moderate (0.2-0.69 mhos) to good (0.7-4.9 mhos) protective capacity. Resistivity values within the second layer (11.0-53.0 Sm) indicate that this layer is moderately aggressive and may likely form corrosion cells which may lead to significant corrosion failures of shallow subsurface piping facilities. The results of this study highlight a set of environmental factors (corrosivity and protective capacity) that should not be ignored at the planning stages of residential and industrial estates.

Simulation of the Microclimate in Poultry Structures in Kenya

Abstract: A computer model based on the thermodynamic principles was developed for simulating the internal temperature responses in a naturally ventilated broiler chicken house. The model used transient thermal analysis with suitable initial and boundary conditions. Developed relationships had the input parameters: outside air temperature; total solar radiation; mass rate of airflow; properties and dimensions of the constructional materials; number of broilers and their average weight as well as the air properties to predict hourly internal air temperature. The mathematical model of the internal temperatures was implemented using a computer program written in Visual BASIC. The program solves analytically the temperatures of the building with the results presented, which compare the model with experimental measurements made in a naturally ventilated poultry house. Experiments were performed using a physical model to test and verify the model at the University of Nairobi, Department of Animal Production at Kabete Campus, between January and May 2009. Results showed no significant difference between the internal air temperatures obtained by simulations and observed measurements. Statistical analysis indicated that the model adequately simulated the internal environment of the building with good linear regression with a coefficient of determination of 0.978.

Oil Palm Physical and Optical Characteristics from Two Different Planting Materials

Abstract: This study discovers the uniqueness of physical and optical characteristics of the oil palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) and is based on two different tenera planting materials namely PORIM SERIES 1 (PS 1) and PORIM SERIES 2 (PS 2). Three methods have been done to determine the characteristics which are as follows; 1) manual approach by measuring the weight, length, width and circumference of oil palm FFB, 2) machine vision technique for color information extraction and 3) multi-band portable, active optical sensor system to determine the chlorophyll and anthocyanin content. A total of thirty bunches were standardized into a ripe grade and have been used as samples in this study. The results showed that each planting material produces different physical and optical characteristics. The correlation between the weight and linear dimensions of oil palm FFB was found to be 80%. This study gives very important information in helping researchers on the development of future non-contact and non-destruction oil palm FFB grading equipment and system.

Calibration of river hydraulic model combined with GIS analysis using ground-based observation data

Abstract: In this research a method to calibrate a river hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) using ground-based measurements of an observed flash flood is presented. Applications of the ground truth measurement of flood water depths and flooded areas within a reach of Neka River in Northern of Iran are discussed. The model is calibrated using the Manning's roughness coefficient based on 200-year flood event that took place in this river basin in August 1999. The model performance with different sets of Manning roughness coefficients is compared to observed spatial inundation data. The comparison between observed and simulated flood water depths for the optimal values of Manning roughness coefficients has shown a significant correlation (p<0.0001, R = 0.82). Moreover, an agreement between the observed and simulated flood inundated extents is 88.5%. Floodplain inundation maps in different return periods were derived using integration of calibrated HEC-RAS model and GIS analysis. Delineation of flood extents and depths within the floodplain could be used for many practical applications.

Morphological Characterization of Cus Thin Films by Atomic Force Microscopy

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of solution concentration on the morphological properties of chemically deposited copper sulphide thin films. Atomic force microscopy studies of CuS thin films grown on microscope glass slides at different solution concentrations have been carried out from 0.05 to 0.2 M of copper sulfate, thiourea and tartaric acid solutions. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that the films deposited using 0.05 M of solution concentration had incomplete coverage of material over the surface of substrate. The thin films deposited using 0.1 M showed higher number of CuS with homogeneous surface. On the other hand, when the thin films were deposited with 0.2 M of solution concentration, the number of grains reduced with the bigger grain size could be observed.

Petrophysical Properties of North Sea Shales

Abstract: This study presents a data set comprising estimated permeabilities of 22 natural mudstones which also have been characterised in terms of their pore size distribution, porosity, grain density and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content. Pore size distribution and grain density were determined using mercury porosimetry and pycnometer method. TOC was determined by direct combustion of the organic carbon in LECO RLS-100 Carbon Sulphur analyser. Permeabilities were estimated based on the measured pore throat size distribution plus assumed pore alignment and pore shape using the model of Yang and Aplin. TOC and grain density ranges from 3.44- 9.98% and 2.61-2.70 g/cm 3 , respectively. Porosity decreases from ~24-3% between the depth range of 1515-4781 m. The pore size distribution data show that the mean pore radius decreases from ~36-2 nm within the same depth range, the shift to smaller mean pore radii is driven primarily by the collapse of pores larger than 10nm with increase in consolidation. These values represent some of the smallest pore sizes known for rocks and in part provide a qualitative explanation for the low shale permeabilities. Estimated vertical permeabilities range from 9.5×10 23 to 8.6×10 21 m 2 . In general, permeability decreases logarithmically with porosity.

The Relationship Between Palm Oil Index Development and Mechanical Properties in the Ripening Process of Tenera Variety Fresh Fruit Bunches

Abstract: This research has done to determine of the relationship between palm oil development in mesocarp and kernel and Mechanical properties of fresh fruit bunches during the ripening process. For this purpose, Tenera oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) variety (A cross between Dura and Pisifera) on 8 year- old palms planted in 2003 at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) research station were selected. Fresh fruit bunches were harvested and were divided into three regions (Top, Middle and Bottom) where the fruits from outer and inner layers of them were removed randomly during the ripening process between 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after anthesis. Fruit firmness test was done by using a Instron Universal Testing Machine to determine the mechanical responses of oil palm fruit under compressive loading of a cylindrical probe with a soft tip at 25oC (Cylindrical probe diameter = 6 mm, tip thickness = 3.2 mm, and tip elasticity = 3.27 MPa). The soxhlet extraction tubes were used to the palm oil extraction.Calculation of earned data related to ripening time, oil content and mechanical properties has done by MSTAT-C and Microsoft Excel computer programs.

Detecting Resource Consumption Attack over MANET using an Artificial Immune Algorithm

Abstract: The Human Immune System (HIS) is considered as a bank of models, functions, and concepts from where Artificial Immune algorithms are inspired. These algorithms are used to secure both host-based and network-based systems. However, it is not only important to utilize the HIS in producing AIS-based algorithms as much as it is important to introduce an algorithm with high performance. Therefore, creating a balance between utilizing HIS on one side and introducing the required AIS-based intrusion detection algorithm on the other side is a crucial issue which would be valuable to investigate. Securing the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) which is a collection of mobile, decentralized, and self organized nodes is another problem, which adds more challenges to the research. This is because MANET properties make it harder to be secured than the other types of static networks. We claim that AISs' properties such as being self-healing, self-defensive and self-organizing can meet the challenges of securing the MANET environment. This paper's objective is to utilize the biological model used in the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) to introduce a Dendritic Cell Inspired Intrusion Detection Algorithm (DCIIDA). DCIIDA is introduced to detect the Resource Consumption Attack (RCA) over MANET. Furthermore, this study proposes a DCIIDA architecture which should be applied by each node in MANET.

Properties of Hydraulic Jump Down Stream Sluice Gate

Abstract: The properties of a hydraulic jump and energy dissipation downstream sluice gate have been studied Three gate opening 2, 3, 4 cm were used to carry out the experiments in a rectangular channel. It was found that energy dissipation through the hydraulic jump is a function of Froud, Weber numbers and gate openings, and that energy dissipation decrease as Weber number increase and increase as Froud number increase, and that Weber number increases as gate opening increase while Froud number decrease as the gate opening increase.

Modeling the Position Information Inaccuracy in MANET Position-Based Routing Protocols

Abstract: This study aims to model the position information inaccuracy in position-based MANET routing protocol. The modeling aids on understanding the position information inaccuracy and assists the researchers to find suitable techniques and mechanisms to overcome the observed problems and improve the performance of the position-based routing protocols. Position-based routing protocols have become more popular in Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) due to their advantages in using geographical position information of the nodes to route the data packets to the destination. Each node periodically sends its geographical position information to its neighbours using beacon packets. Nodes which receive the geographical position information of their neighbours store this information in their neighbours list. The data packet routing in position-based routing protocols uses neighbours' position information, which is stored in the node's neighbours list,and the destination's position information stored in the routing data packet header field to route the data packet from source to destination. Most of the current work in position-based routing protocols assumes that the position information in the node's neighbours list is accurate, while in reality, only a rough estimate of this position information is available for the nodes. Position information inaccuracy has a severe impact on degrading the performance of the position-based routing protocols in terms of average end-to-end delay, non-optimal route, false local maximum, and the routing loop.

Modelling and Simulation of Closed Loop Controlled Buck Converter Fed Pmbldc Drive System

Abstract: Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (PMBLDC) is one of the best electrical drives that has increasing popularity, due to their high efficiency, reliability, good dynamic response and very low maintenance. This makes the interest of modeling an ideal PMBLDC motor and it's associated Drive System in simple and lucid manner. In this paper the drive system is proposed with a buck converter topology. It has the advantages of reduced switching losses, low inductor power loss, reduced ripple by using a pi-filter, which in turn makes the DC link voltage to be stable. The modeling and simulation of the PMBLDC motor is done using the software package MATLAB/SIMULINK. The operation principle of the buck converter is analyzed and the simulation results are presented in this paper to verify the theoretical analysis.

Electric power demand forecasting: A case study of Lucknow city

Abstract: The study of forecasting identifies the urgent need for special attention in evolving effective energy policies to alleviate an energy famine in the near future. Since power demand is increasing day by day in entire world and it is also one of the fundamental infrastructure input for the development, its prospects and availability sets significant constraints on the socio-economic growth of every person as well as every country. A care full long-term power plan is imperative for the development of power sector. This need assumes more importance in the state of Uttar Pradesh where the demand for electrical energy is growing at a rapid pace. This study analyses the requirement of electricity with respect to the future population for the major forms of energy in the Lucknow city in Uttar Pradesh state of India. A model consisting of significant key energy indicators have been used for the estimation. Model wherever required refined in the second stage to remove the effect of auto-correlation. The accuracy of the model has been checked using standard statistical techniques and validated against the past data by testing for 'expost' forecast accuracy.

Impact of Oil Drilling Operations on Forest Resources in Obagi, Niger Delta Nigeria

Abstract: The issue of oil drilling operation and its impact on forest resources in Obagi and other oil producing communities has over time been a challenge facing oil producing areas. This studyefore is necessitated to identify and evaluate the Changes that have taken place overtime on forest resources arising from oil drilling operation. It was to examine and establishes if the damage of ecosystem and loss of bio-resources is as a result of drilling operation in the area. A total of 135 persons were interviewed as sample population for the study. The result of findings of the study showed that oil drilling operation has no significant impact on ecosystem damage, ecosystem disruption, specie extinction and decline rather that to a significant extent that there are other factor which plays in the damage of ecosystem and loss of forest resources in the area, amongst them as found by the study are the introduction of exotic species, intensive farming, deforestation for construction purposes all these as found by the research in one way or the other affects the balance in the ecosystem.

Modified Star Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth

Abstract: A new wideband and small size star shaped patch antenna fed capacitively by a small diamond shape patch is proposed. To enhance the impedance bandwidth, posts are incorporated under the patch antenna. HFSS high frequency simulator is employed to analyze the proposed antenna and simulated results on the return loss, the E- and H-plane radiation patterns and Gain of the proposed antenna are presented at various frequencies.The antenna is able to achieve in the range of 4-8.8 GHz an impedance bandwidth of 81% for return loss of less than -10 dB.

Analysis of the Temperature Effect on the Infinite Multiplication Factor for HEU-UAl 4 and LEU-UO 2 Lattices of GHARR-1

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to analyze the temperature effect on the infinite multiplication factor for light water moderated High Enriched Uranium (HEU)-UAl4 and Low Enriched Uranium (LEU)-UO2 lattices of the Ghana Research Reactor-1 (GHARR-1). To quantify the contribution of each component of the infinite multiplication factor with respect to temperature within the 20 to 140oC range, cell calculations were performed for the two MNSR typical lattices: the 90.2% enriched HEU-UAl4 and 12.6% enriched LEU- UO2 proposed fuel of the Ghana Research Reactor-1 (GHARR-1) using SCUBA, a locally developed FORTRAN 95 code for the calculations and analysis of temperature coefficients of GHARR-1. It was observed that at the beginning of life of the core, the temperature coefficient of the resonance escape probability and that of the thermal utilization factor, contributed significantly to the negative temperature coefficient of the infinite multiplication factor obtained for both fuels.

A Video Denoising Method Based on Grouping the Similar Blocks and Surfacelet

Abstract: In this study, a novel video denoising method combining similar block matching based on the PDS searching method, grouping these similar block strategy and Surfacelet transform is proposed. Firstly, we apply the SAD block matching criterion and PDS search algorithm which we proposed by searching all frames for blocks which are similar to the currently processed one. In the complex motion case, the method of PDS can effectively decrease the number of search points and search number. Secondly, the matched blocks are put together to stack into some new third dimension sub-video sequences and because of the similarity between them, the data in the video array exists high level of correlation. We apply the surfacelet transform to them and effectively attenuate the noise by solid threshold shrinkage of the coefficients. Finally, inversely transforming the coefficients and obtaining the denoising video according to the obtained locations in the block matching process. This algorithm is obviously better than other 3D Curvlet and 3D wavelet method in the denoising effect and the PSNR is increased about 0.6dB. In terms of visual quality, the proposed method can effectively preserve the video detail, and the trajectory of motion object is very smooth, which is especially suitable to process the video flames with plenty of large area movement object or background change.

Legal Effect of Breach of Warranty in Construction Insurance in Malaysia

Abstract: This study is aimed at analyzing the legal effect of breach of warranty in construction insurance contracts in Malaysia in light of the current developments in The English insurance law. The required data and information were collected from Malaysian and English court decisions dealing with breach of warranties in English marine insurance law from the online Malayan Law Journal published on the LexisNexis online database and from published textbooks related to insurance warranties. This study would help to offer judicial guidance to courts in Peninsular Malaysia on how to resolve the legal dilemma associated with breach of warranty in Malaysian insurance law. It was found out that the effect of breach of a continuing warranty will result in the contract of insurance remaining in existence and the risk is being treated as having incepted at the outset but automatically coming to an end as of the date of the breach. More so, the insurer is being discharged from any future liability, although any liabilities of the insurer before the date of the breach are unaffected.