Showing papers in "Revista Internacional De Sociologia in 2013"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study the family variables affecting academic achievement within a Canary Island sample and find that the variables having a leading role are parents' expectations, parents' education, SES, family size, and parents' control over the student's homework.
Abstract: In this paper we study the family variables affecting academic achievement within a Canary Island sample. Parents’ level of education, parents’ expectations about academic achievement, Socioeconomic Status (SES), family size, type of family and parents’ control over the student’s homework are used as predicting variables in a logistic regression for predicting which variables load in high academic achievement. These variables are incorporated into two different theoretical models: the social capital view of Coleman and the cultural capital view of Bourdieu. The results indicate that the variables having a leading role are parents’ expectations, parents’ education, SES and family size.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the determinants of immigrants' occupational mobility have been studied for the general labor market in both transitions, from home to the country of destination as the subsequent economic assimilation process.
Abstract: The determinants of immigrants’ occupational mobility have been studied for the general labor market in both transitions, from home to the country of destination as the subsequent economic assimilation process. Our paper analyzes the determinants of a segmented occupational pattern and examines which determinants are significant in each of the primary and secondary segments at both transitions. It uses data from the National Immigrant Survey 2007 (Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes 2007) in Spain and includes multivariate regression models that explain the variations in occupational mobility. The results show that the most important determinants for the general model play a different role in the two segments of the labor market, both in the upward and downward mobility that occurs within the segments as in the limited mobility that occurs between them.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the mobility of Romanians within Spain, taking into account the current economic crisis that is affecting labor markets in Spain and Romania, and its impact upon people.
Abstract: This article seeks to analyze the mobility of Romanians within Spain, taking into account the current economic crisis that is affecting labor markets in Spain and Romania, and its impact upon people. Using the discourse of Romanian immigrants as a reference, the paper examines their mobility experiences as Europeans who have a right to free circulation but not to work in the enlarged European Union (EU). To carry out this research, I utilize the qualitative method of in-depth interviews with 80 Romanian immigrants engaged in labor mobility between the two countries. The empirical approach suggests that migrant may have varying perceptions concerning place and mobility according to their migratory stage and the current economic circumstances. In the theoretical field, the article emphasizes the contribution of mobility to improve knowledge on migration and its conclusions points toward understanding the process of mobility in the enlarged EU.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of the Dependency Act and its contribution to the fight for giving a meaning to care is discussed from a gender perspective, based on field work, consisting of 20 in-depth interviews with key persons, with the view to study the semantic battles between the various players which participated in the elaboration of the Act.
Abstract: The condition of dependence, inherent to all human being, has been regulated politically and institutionally on the basis of a series of assumptions which articulate a gender construction of care. These a priori’s could be subject to an overhaul due to the implementation of political initiatives, such as the Dependency Act as it could induce to a socialization of moral duties with regard to dependency, a visibility of competences and skills required for care and a review of the “gender” of work. This article debates, from a gender perspective, the potential of this Act and its contribution to the fight for giving a meaning to care. This analysis is based on field work, consisting of 20 in-depth interviews with key persons, with the view to study the semantic battles between the various players which participated in the elaboration of the Act.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the growing number of unipersonal homes linked to social modernization in the Western world affects not only to youth and adults but to elder headed homes too.
Abstract: This paper tackles an issue somehow overlooked in sociological analysis of detraditionalization and social change: namely, the important role played by older persons in both processes. Older persons are leaving attitudes and behaviors deeply rooted in traditional Spanish society; moreover, they are developing completely modern ways of thinking and doing, as it is reflected in their life styles. Through a mixed methodological strategy —including secondary data analysis and focus groups—, we argue that the growing number of unipersonal homes linked to social modernization in the Western world affects not only to youth and adults but to elder headed homes too. More and more older persons decide to live alone because they claim greater autonomy and they are committed as never before to manage their own destiny and to avoid that anyone else decides on their behalf how they should live their lives.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the determinants of happiness proxying by subjective welfare are analyzed and the results show that in Spanish society income plays a secondary and subjective role, while other variables that are associated directly or indirectly to relational goods are revealed to be very important.
Abstract: In the present paper we analyze the determinants of happiness proxying by subjective welfare. The main objective is twofold: on the one hand, to put to the test the Easterlin’s paradox (the lack of a direct relationship between income and subjective wellbeing at aggregate level) and, on the other hand, to weight influence of relational goods in determining happiness. The analytical framework adopts the perspective of happiness economics and the empirical evidence is derived from the estimation of a microeconometric function of happiness applying a Logit model both when using cross sectional and panel data. The results show that in Spanish society income plays a secondary and subjective role, while other variables that are associated directly or indirectly to relational goods are revealed to be very important.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse some possible contributions from organisations funded by immigrants from the African continent to the socio-cultural integration in three Regions in Spain, focusing on associations from people with an African origin, from one side the one from representatives from African associations and on the other, from administration technicians and representatives of social entities that collaborate with them.
Abstract: This article aims to analyse some possible contributions from organisations funded by immigrants from the African continent to the socio-cultural integration in three Regions in Spain. In order to do so, first there is a definition of integrations as a process, paying special attention to the role that national and international literature have given to the associations of immigrants. Afterwards, there is a focus on associations from people with an African origin, paying attention to the double view point, from one side the one from representatives from African associations and on the other, from administration technicians and representatives of social entities that collaborate with them. The point is to analyse the speech of those actors, about the reasons of its existence, the objectives and activities of the associations of Africans, for the associates themselves as well as for those immigrants from their countries and for the society that welcomes them. The elements in favour and against in the studied perspectives build an action field shared by both actors, in the process of construction of social cohesion and living partnership, but, at the same time, they suggest the existence of some limitations in itself.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a survey among 206 representatives of associations of African-origin immigrants in the Catalonia, Valencia and Navarre regions, with the aim of defining the profile of these associations, their organisation, working and activities.
Abstract: Associations for foreign-origin people have grown notably since the nineteen-nineties, and more so in the first decade of the 21st century. This growth has been influenced by the interests of their members but also by the social, political and institutional context that has favoured, while also conditioning, them. The work presented here contains the results of a survey carried out among 206 representatives of associations of African-origin immigrants in the Catalonia, Valencia and Navarre regions, with the aim of defining the profile of these associations, their organisation, working and activities. Among the questions dealt with, we see how this associational activity is still relatively new. It has no common organizational structure, but rather the structures and strategies that each association acquires depend on its internal and external dynamics, its members’ interests and its age.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of intercultural mediation in the associations of African-origin immigrants in three regions (Catalonia, Valencia and Navarre) is presented together with the situation of the mediators based on a survey of 206 associations of immigrant-origin people and thirty interviews.
Abstract: The article presents an analysis of intercultural mediation in the associations of African-origin immigrants in three regions (Catalonia, Valencia and Navarre). Specifically, we present how this is being carried out together with the situation of the mediators based on a survey of 206 associations of immigrant-origin people and thirty interviews (fifteen with managers; ten with administrations and entities that habitually work with these associations and five with non-associated immigrants). The results indicate that the associations are place of coexistence, but a significant proportion of these lack specific clear objectives in their work with their users and other social agents. This practice in the associations is incipient, in contrast with the trend in the Spanish entities, witch now are beginning to apply this in the educational, health and family environments. Furthermore, the African associations often distort this concept considering it simply as a conversation among their own people.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe, analyze and compare manifestations of female leadership in associations of African immigrants, examining such factors as work objectives, themes and forms, organisation and institutionalisation.
Abstract: This study describes, analyses and compares manifestations of female leadership in associations of African immigrants, examining such factors as work objectives, themes and forms, organisation and institutionalisation. It was based on an in-depth analysis of ten life hi stories, starting from the hypothesis that there is a clearly gender-based difference between the objectives of African associations comprised of men and of women and that this difference stems from the basic inequality of the respective social statuses of men and women and, more specifically, from gender-related culture. The results obtained suggest the existence of “strong” (neither submissive nor ignorant) female immigrants with the capacity to lead associations, but whose character is not the result of any supposedly specifically “feminine” characteristics, but rather to a process of early (adolescent) learning, academic success and relatively high social origin, all of which help to forge a certain rebellious streak and to lead certain women to assume positions of authority. Whatever the case, it was not possible to observe any relevant differences between female and male leadership; both tend to be characterised by a certain “charisma” and the presence of personal qualities that were the result of interactions within specific social contexts.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the Spanish case with those of Chile and Argentina, showing that the more legal the previous dictatorial repression, and the more direct judicial involvement in it, the more resistance there will be to apply policies of transitional justice.
Abstract: Why have some democracies made considerable progress in elucidating and prosecuting human rights violations committed by preceding dictatorships, while others still have amnesty laws that prevent —or at least hinder— the approval of such policies? We aim to demonstrate that, during democratization periods, the more legal the previous dictatorial repression, and the more direct judicial involvement in it, the more resistance there will be to apply policies of transitional justice. We will compare the Spanish case with those of Chile and Argentina. The establishment of democracy following a right-wing dictatorship responsible for the systematic violation of human rights forced all three countries to consider how best to confront this violent past. Once democracy has been consolidated, additional explanatory factors will account for the presence or absence of judicial accountability.
TL;DR: El asociacionismo senegales tiene, ademas, un componente solidario muy vinculado a la teranga u hospitalidad, constituyendose en un elemento simbolico de su cultura as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: La necesidad de crear un referente asociativo entre los inmigrantes senegaleses como instrumento de sociabilidad e identificacion, les ha llevado inicialmente a organizarse en torno a objetivos de caracter asistencial, basicamente en caso de enfermedad o muerte y/o en regularizacion administrativa y busqueda de trabajo y vivienda. Con el paso del tiempo, a estos objetivos iniciales se sumarian los de sensibilizacion sobre determinados aspectos de la cultura y los de cooperacion y codesarrollo con asociaciones comunitarias de Senegal. Los objetivos de las asociaciones senegalesas han demostrado en el tiempo su caracter dinamico y, tan solo las dificultades economicas o de financiacion han obligado a ralentizar o abandonar fines y objetivos mas ambiciosos.El asociacionismo senegales tiene, ademas, un componente solidario muy vinculado a la teranga u hospitalidad, que es el principio de existencia de las redes de solidaridad que recrean las asociaciones senegalesas de acuerdo a vinculos y relaciones de parentesco, amistad y, sobre todo, de identidad comunitaria, constituyendose en un elemento simbolico de su cultura. No es extrano, por tanto, que junto a los proyectos de cooperacion y codesarrollo, las asociaciones mantengan estrategias de solidaridad y apoyo mutuo, mas, si cabe, en epocas de atonia economica como la actual.
TL;DR: The Iglesia catolica espanola (ICE) constituye un grupo de interes multi-issue with distintos resultados in its actividad politica: the financiacion and the educación are asuntos clave en los que esta protegida by the Acuerdos de 1979, pero los poderes publicos do not have the obligacion de negociar con esta institucion politicas de contenido moral as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: La Iglesia catolica espanola (ICE) constituye un grupo de interes multi-issue con distintos resultados en su actividad politica: la financiacion y la educacion son asuntos clave en los que esta protegida por los Acuerdos de 1979, pero los poderes publicos no tienen la obligacion de negociar con esta institucion politicas de contenido moral. Como respuesta a la liberalizacion del aborto y a la aprobacion del matrimonio de personas del mismo sexo, promovidas por el Gobierno de Rodriguez Zapatero, la ICE, a diferencia de otras instituciones eclesiasticas en Europa en situaciones parecidas, desarrolla una estrategia de confrontacion junto con grupos catolicos conservadores y, en menor medida, partidos politicos afines. Su posicion “monopolista” en una sociedad que se define mayoritariamente como catolica (argumento sociologico), la inextricable imbricacion entre catolicismo e identidad nacional (argumento historico) y su privilegiada relacion con el Estado, que deriva de los Acuerdos de 1979 y del aconfesionalismo constitucional (argumento institucional), pueden explicar esta estrategia. Mientras que la Conferencia Episcopal (CE) es la principal responsable de la confrontacion a nivel estatal, los obispos, a nivel autonomico, se han aprestado a traves de un gran numero de convenios con las autoridades regionales a defender los intereses de la Iglesia y minimizar los posibles “danos” que derivan del ambito estatal. El Estado autonomico ha multiplicado los puntos de acceso al sistema politico para la Iglesia y podria suceder que la CE terminara perdiendo peso politico a favor de las conferencias episcopales regionales, promovidas no solo por las iglesias perifericas nacionalistas sino, tambien, por la creciente relevancia del nivel autonomico frente al estatal para los intereses eclesiasticos
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a texto reflexiona sobre la importancia (real and simbolica) de los componentes religiosos in el nacimiento and consolidación de las asociaciones de personas inmigrantes procedentes de el Magreb and el Africa subsahariana.
Abstract: El texto reflexiona sobre la importancia (real y simbolica) de los componentes religiosos en el nacimiento y consolidacion de las asociaciones de personas inmigrantes procedentes de el Magreb y el Africa subsahariana. El analisis se centra de forma exclusiva en la religion islamica, dado que es la mayoritaria en las personas de esta procedencia. El trabajo de campo se ha desarrollado en tres comunidades autonomas: Cataluna, Comunidad Valenciana y Navarra, entre los anos 2009 y 2010. De la investigacion se desprende, entre otras, que las creencias religiosas compartidas de los miembros de la asociacion resultan importantes (incluso en algunos casos determinantes) para entender tanto el nacimiento de la asociacion, como su articulacion y cohesion interna. Como se vera tambien a lo largo del texto, el componente religioso sera tambien de utilidad para comprender las relaciones que sostienen estas asociaciones entre si, con aquellas consideradas analogas y con las distintas administraciones publicas.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the reasons for non-participation of African population in immigrant associations and conducted semi-structured interviews with persons who decided consciously no to participate in associations and organizations that worked with immigrants.
Abstract: This article is focused on the reasons for non-participation of African population in immigrant associations. To understand this question, we conducted semi-structured interviews with persons who decided consciously no to participate in associations and organizations that worked with immigrants. All this work was developed in Catalonia, Valencia and Navarra, from a multilocal research perspective. We interpret the associative detachment, as a voluntary distancing based on the absence of information, lack of time, disenchantment, proprietorship activism, passively waiting, or because they are the only user population. Nevertheless, there are other factors of greater significance, as the political culture or the questioning of leadership in associations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the influence of the political composition of Andalusian municipalities on the socialist vote in the 2011 local election and found that the local political atmosphere had a minimal but significant effect on the voting of its residents in the local elections.
Abstract: This paper incorporates the contextual perspective in the analysis of electoral behavior. Whilst focusing on the partisan orientation of the vote, this paper takes up one of the classic questions of contextual electoral literature: the influence of the community’s political environment on voting behavior of its inhabitants. We examine the influence of the political composition of Andalusian municipalities on the socialist vote in the 2011 local election. Our analysis shows that the local political atmosphere had a minimal but significant effect on the voting of its residents in the local elections. Accordingly, the political environment in Andalusian localities, pushed voters, whose immediate surroundings did not provide politically relevant information or were independent, to follow the local socialist majority. Urbanization weakens this local effect on the socialist vote. The other main finding of our research is the importance of informal social interaction in explaining the socialist vote, through conversations taking place in the environment immediate to the individual.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Turner's Explaining the Normative is probably a puzzling work for the average empirical social scientist as discussed by the authors, which devotes more than two hundred pages and considerable argumentative efforts to build a compelling case against what he calls "normativism" and his main thesis is that what 'normativist' philosophers call "normative facts' are not special or transcendental in any meaningful sense, but can be fully grasped by social science standard explanations and even by naturalistic ones.
Abstract: Stephen Turner’s Explaining the Normative is probably a puzzling work for the average empirical social scientist Turner devotes more than two hundred pages and considerable argumentative efforts to build a compelling case against what he calls ‘normativism’ His main thesis is that what ‘normativist’ philosophers call ‘normative facts’ are not special or transcendental in any meaningful sense, but can be fully grasped by social science standard explanations and even by naturalistic ones I think most social scientists would agree with this thesis, and would in fact consider it as a trivial truth However, Turner goes further to suggest that ‘normative talk’ and notions as ‘normative correctness’ are just bogus talk or simply the folk way we use to describe some of our cultural practices, but have no explanatory relevance or rational meaning I think that far fewer social scientists would buy this second claim In all fairness, it should be acknowledged that Turner’s book is written having in mind a philosophical audience (or perhaps a ‘social theory’ audience) rather than a socialscientific or sociological one But since the invitation for commenting on his book comes from a sociology journal, I will try to present what in my opinion would be a very usual social-scientific look on the issues Turner is concerned about I advance that I fully share the general spirit of Turner’s criticism of ‘normativism’, as well as his sympathy for the present naturalistic and anti-metaphysical trends in social science and philosophy However, I would like to point to some apparent disagreements with the kind of social science I am engaged with
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the union density in its linkage with different contextual variables among Argentine workers, establishing the extent to which they approach to the traditional assumptions about the crisis of union representation.
Abstract: The phenomena of the decline in the union density have led to various interpretations, which can be grouped into two main currents. The first one attributes the causes of the decline in affiliation to the contextual factors of the unions, linked to economic and political transformations. The second one, emphasizes the internal factors of the organized labor, linked to organizational forms of union. Among the first were reported changes related to the economic structure, the individual characteristics of the workers and the social and labor factors as determinants of affiliation. In this context, the objective of this paper is to analyze the union density in its linkage with different contextual variables among Argentine workers, establishing the extent to which they approach to the traditional assumptions about the crisis of union representation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the educational reality of African immigrants from different points of view, and established the importance the association leaders give to education (the role that education played in their migration processes and in the associations they lead).
Abstract: Based on the data obtained in a survey of 206 representatives of African immigrant associations, nine life histories and 54 interviews carried out with representatives of these associations, this article analyzes their educational reality from different points of view. First, we establish the importance the association leaders give to education (the role that education played in their migration processes and in the associations they lead). Second, we take a close look at their educational level and training. And finally, we analyze the training activities promoted by these associations or the activities in which they are involved (collaborating with other associations, institutions or services). Concerning these activities, we analyze their types (topics covered: language, religion, labor market integration, etc.), and orientation (tendency to multiculturalism and collaboration or distance from formal education institutions).
TL;DR: The authors reviso la tesis de la nuclearizacion de la familia en el caso de Marruecos y de sus poblaciones that viven en un espacio transnacional.
Abstract: En este trabajo reviso la tesis de la nuclearizacion de la familia en el caso de Marruecos y de sus poblaciones que viven en un espacio transnacional. La transformacion de la familia que se ha producido en Marruecos en el ultimo tercio de siglo XX, derivada de las migraciones internas y externas, no reduce el peso de los lazos de parentesco a pesar de la emergencia de nuevas pautas de residencia. El crecimiento de hogares nucleares no equivale a la constitucion de familias aisladas sino que tiene lugar bajo la influencia de los vinculos e interdependencias entre parientes, no solo en Marruecos sino tambien entre los emigrados a Europa. A partir de una revision critica de la literatura sobre el parentesco y la alianza magrebi y de casos etnograficos propios concluyo que los vinculos de proximidad inciden de manera importante en la circulacion de personas y bienes, y en especial en los mecanismos de eleccion matrimonial.
TL;DR: In this article, a formation typology that goes beyond the company formation activities due to integrate the workers training strategies, developed for that purpose and less used in our environment, has been employed.
Abstract: In a world with a strong technological innovation, increased life expectancy and more working time, lifelong learning becomes a productive and social need. From the Adult Education Survey —EADA is called AES in the EU— in the present manuscript, a formation typology that goes beyond the company formation activities due to integrate the workers training strategies, developed for that purpose and less used in our environment, has been employed. Through this typology and using a methodology based on logistic regressions of repeated measures, demographic employee profiles and organizational environments associated with each training type have been analyzed. The results show significant differences in the studied variables and indicate that training not reduces the starting inequalities, but tends to maintain and even intensify them.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the possibility of applying the so-called intentional paradigm to the assessment of local services, which is based on the theory of reasoned action and links service evaluation to the citizen´s political intention within the same explanatory mechanism.
Abstract: In the last years, one can find a renewed interest in the citizen´s assessment of local services. This article examines the possibility of applying the so called intentional paradigm to this field. The paradigm is based on the theory of reasoned action and it links service evaluation to the citizen´s political intention within the same explanatory mechanism. nevertheless, this mechanism has been formulated in two rival versions, “satisfaction” and “service value”. The purpose of this paper is to determine which of these models works better in the assessment of local services. Using empirical data collected in nine cities from the east of spain, a secondary analysis was applied using structural equation models in order to find out the most plausible mechanism (utility versus wellbeing) that explains the formation of favorable attitudes towards local entities.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the lack of response in face-to-face surveys conducted in Spain, considering not only those selecting interviewees by using random route and quotas, but also those using administrative documents, such as the population census.
Abstract: The gradual decline of cooperation in surveys jeopardises the viability of this tool in the future, despite it being one of the most useful in gaining knowledge of society. Since the last decade of the 20th century, substantial, in-depth research has been conducted into this social phenomenon, whilst at the same time there has been further “transparency” in the data collection process, as documents are disseminated which describe in detail the “events” that occurred during field work. This paper analyses the lack of response in face-to-face surveys conducted in Spain, considering not only those selecting interviewees by using random route and quotas, but also those using administrative documents, such as the population census. It concludes by providing a number of proven, efficient strategies for counteracting the effects of non-response.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the Survey of Social Reality in Andalusia (2009) with the aim of showing the role played by individuals social characteristics on their music consumption patterns.
Abstract: Musical taste has been a research focus in sociology, not in the way it is acquired in school, but how primary groups, eg family or peer groups, have influenced it In this article we have used the Survey of Social Reality in Andalusia (2009) with the aim of showing the role played by individuals social characteristics on their music consumption patterns Our results have showed that there is no a exclusive consumption pattern of high culture linked to a social milieu Through a latent class analysis, we have found three consumption patterns: ‘omnivore’, ‘modern’ and ‘traditional univore’, distinguishing by educational level, age and social origin Thus, the voraciousness of musical genres is the result of a combination of factors such as educational attainment, life cycle and intergenerational transmission of cultural skills and attitudes, and not by the achievement of prestige or social class
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the treatment of one specific norm of justice, the norm of egalitarian distribution, which is a social norm for Bicchieri but a moral norm from Elster's view.
Abstract: In the last few years, there has been a good amount of theoretical work around the concept of social norm. The work of Cristina Bicchieri and Jon Elster has been specially interesting and intense in this field. Although their respective approaches present substantive differences, they both agree in defining social norms in contrast with other related concepts, such as moral norms. Notwithstanding this basic agreement, they disagree when classifying norms of justice. For Bicchieri these are social norms, while Elster’s view is more complex and he classifies different norms of justice in different categories: some are social while others are semi moral o moral. In this paper I focus on the treatment of one specific norm of justice, the norm of egalitarian distribution, which is a social norm for Bichieri but a moral norm from Elster’s view. With the aid of some recent experiments, I conclude that Elster’s view is more promising, at least when analyzing this particular norm.
TL;DR: The authors argue that if social scientists are looking for a philosophical theory of normativity, expressivism is the place to put their money and supplement Tuner's general framework with some important notes from expressivism about normativity.
Abstract: Normativity is a trending topic in philosophy. It could be claimed, in fact, that there is no sub-domain inside philosophy where normativity is left unmentioned. But things were different some time ago, of course. And things look different from other disciplines studying human thought and action. The merit of Stephen Turner’s rich and rewarding book is to bring into focus a different view on the explanatory importance of normativity for the study of some basic human capacities. For those who, like myself, are interested in normativity from the philosophical side there is a lot to learn from Explaining the Normative (ETN hereafter). There is a small lesson about what sociologists and social scientists think about the normative –about how they construct this special concept or about the sense in which they think that such a concept could be reinterpreted. And there is a big lesson, a framework for thinking about normativity. The basic aim of my comment is to supplement Tuner’s general framework about normativity with some important notes from expressivism about normativity. I will argue that if social scientists are looking for a philosophical theory of normativity, expressivism is the place to put their money.