Showing papers in "Social Psychology Quarterly in 1987"
TL;DR: A variety of analytic resources provided by past work in conversation analysis are brought to bear on the analysis of a single utterance in its sequential context, drawn from an ordinary conversation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A variety of analytic resources provided by past work in conversation analysis are brought to bear on the analysis of a single utterance in its sequential context, drawn from an ordinary conversation. Various facets of the organization of talk-in-interaction are thereby both introduced and exemplified. The result displays the capacity of this analytic modality to meet a fundamental responsibility of social analysis, namely the capacity to explicate single episodes of action in interaction as a basic locus of social order.
593 citations
TL;DR: Drawing on and expanding earlier analysis of talk in a pediatric interaction, it is shown how frames and schemas interact.
Abstract: Earlier work suggested that "frame," "schema" and related terms could be understood as "structures of expectation." Suggesting now that there are two distinct types of structures of expectation to which such terms have been applied, we use "frames" to refer to the anthropological/sociological notion of interactive frames of interpretation, and "schema" to refer to the cognitive psychological/artificial intelligence notion of knowledge schemas. Drawing on and expanding earlier analysis of talk in a pediatric interaction, we show how frames and schemas interact. Balancing and shifting examination, consultation and management frames accounts for the burden on the pediatrician who examines a child in the mother's presence. Mismatches in the pediatrician's and mother's schemas for health and cerebral palsy account for the mother's discomfort and recalcitrant concerns, and consequently for her frequent questions which trigger the frame switches.
590 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated how displaying uncertainty is organized as interactive activity, and how this activity can be used to modify the participation framework of the moment, the consequences this has for subsequent interaction and how such events can invoke larger social identities in the midst of moment to moment interaction.
Abstract: Using as data videotapes of conversation in natural settings, this paper investigates (1) how displaying uncertainty is organized as interactive activity, (2) how this activity can be used to modify the participation framework of the moment, (3) the consequences this has for subsequent interaction and (4) how such events can invoke larger social identities in the midst of moment to moment interaction. Alternative syntactic and paralinguistic techniques for displaying uncertainty make relevant different types of responses from recipients. Such structure provides speakers with resources for shaping emerging interaction.
323 citations
TL;DR: The Attitude Functions Inventory (AFI) as discussed by the authors was developed and used to assess the functions served by attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and toward persons with three stigmatizing disabilities: AIDS, mental illness and cancer.
Abstract: This paper argues for the value of a reformulated and reoperationalized functional approach to attitudes. The development of two new procedures for directly assessing functions is described. First, a content analysis procedure was devised, using essays written by undergraduate students describing their attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Patterns of themes were identified in the essays that indicate the presence of three functions: Experiential-Schematic, Defensive and Self-Expressive. Correlations with theoretically relevant measures indicate that the content analysis procedure effectively assesses attitude functions. In a second study, an objectively-scored method, the Attitude Functions Inventory (AFI), was developed and used to assess the functions served by attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and toward persons with three stigmatizing disabilities: AIDS, mental illness and cancer. In the AFI, the Self-Expressive function observed in the first study was subdivided into Social-Expressive and Value-Expressive functions. Preliminary data support the AFI's validity. Theoretical and methodological implications for future research are discussed.
312 citations
TL;DR: The relation entre engagement interactionnel, engagement effectif et le caractere tranche de l'identite, est etudie en utilisant cinq aspects of l'identity associes a la vie universitaire; identite etudiante, athletique/loisirs, extra-cursus, engagements and liaisons personnelles as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Utilisant une perspective empruntee a la theorie des interactions symboliques, la question du changement et de la stabilite dans la structure du soi est examinee dans le cadre d'une theorie de l'identite. La relation entre l'engagement interactionnel, l'engagement effectif et le caractere tranche de l'identite, est etudie en utilisant cinq aspects de l'identite associes a la vie universitaire; identite etudiante, athletique/loisirs, extra-cursus, engagements et liaisons personnelles
307 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined violence in white, heterosexual, dating relationships among college students and highlighted the gender differences that are found in the propensity for men and women to use and receive violence.
Abstract: This paper examines violence in white, heterosexual, dating relationships among college students and highlights the gender differences that are found. Our analysis focuses on particular individual and relationship-specific characteristics that influence the propensity for men and women to use and receive violence. The results strongly suggest that seriousness of the relationship and the personality dimensions of instrumentality and expressiveness explain dating violence for men, while a situation of jealousy explains dating violence for women. Additionally, though men and women do not significantl' differ in the rate at which they use violence, women are more likely than men to receive violence. These findings are understood in terms of the aspect of control which we argue underlies violent relationships.
258 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the organization of citizen calls to emergency services reveals how the sequential machinery of conversation is adapted by speaker-hearers to organize, coordinate and exhibit to one another their knowledge and purposes on particular occasions.
Abstract: In this paper we argue that the organization of citizen calls to emergency services reveals how the sequential machinery of conversation is adapted by speaker-hearers to organize, coordinate and exhibit to one another their knowledge and purposes on particular occasions. It is in the way such knowledge is brought to bear, and purposes at hand made evident, that recurrent sequences of interactionally and institutionally relevant activity are built out of local and particular materials. Thus, the sequential organization of conversation is a fundamental resource for social activities directed to matters outside of, but addressable through talk, and for achieving regular, recurrent patterns of action in the face of varying details and circumstances.
248 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that the degree of merger between person and a particular role, that of a blood donor, is both distinct from and compensatory to more traditional variables such as social and personal norms in its influence on blood donation behavior.
Abstract: Dominant approaches to the study of helping behavior are characterized by an empirical focus on temporally isolated acts of helping with little concern either for social structure or for interactional history. We suggest that Mead's conceptualization of role offers a unique theoretical basis for incorporating dimensions of both social structure and history. This conceptualization of role also points to certain circumstances in which role and person merge; the extent of role-person merger has direct implications for action. We hypothesized that the degree of merger between person and a particular role, that of a blood donor, is both distinctfrom and compensatory to more traditional variables such as social and personal norms in its influence on blood donation behavior. We examine this suggestion empirically using a sample of 658 blood donors. Support was found for the three specific predictions derived from this general hypothesis. This approach illustrates the importance of conceptualizing helping behavior as role behavior, facilitating incorporation of both social structural and historical characteristics of such behavior.
243 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied a model to retention decisions by undergraduates at a major university and found that each thought mode has effects on retention intentions and reenrollment behaviors, that norms have stronger effects for these decisions, and that the effects generated are substantial and independent of those associated with students' backgrounds, achievements, social influences, campus experiences and grades earned.
Abstract: Social psychologists have differed concerning the modes of thought that presumably generate decisions, and independent traditions of research have appeared concerning the effects of three separate thought modes: norms, preferences and self-referent identity labels. In prior research the authors have shown that these modes have independent effects on decisions and that the relative strengths of modal effects vary depending on the context studied. The study now being reported applies this model to retention decisions by undergraduates at a major university. Findings confirm that each thought mode has effects on retention intentions and reenrollment behaviors, that norms have stronger effects for these decisions, and that the effects generated are substantial and independent of those associated with students' backgrounds, achievements, social influences, campus experiences and grades earned. In addition, findings confirm that the decisions to transfer to another campus or to drop out of higher education are predicted differentially by students' thoughts concerning three distinct retention issues.
237 citations
TL;DR: Theoretique: des annees 1930 qui virent la floraison des idees semees par Dewey Cooley, Thomes et Mead a la reviviscence de ce courant theorique au cours de la decennie 1980.
Abstract: L'ecole sociologique americaine de l'interactionnisme symbolique. Historique: des annees 1930 qui virent la floraison des idees semees par Dewey Cooley, Thomes et Mead a la reviviscence de ce courant theorique au cours de la decennie 1980
227 citations
TL;DR: The authors discuss two senses of "context" as it involves conversational interaction in a bureaucratic environment, i.e., an institutionalized framing of activities or ways that group-derived prescriptive norms pressure and/or channel people with designated titles, presumed competencies, duties or responsibilities into certain physical spaces at certain times in order to engage in a finite number of specifiable activities.
Abstract: Verbal interaction is related to the task at hand. Language and other social practices are interdependent. Not all students of language use and social interaction, however, will concede that ethnographic material, participant attributes, and patterns of social organization that are constitutive of talk need to be included in studies of conversation or discourse. The researcher can exercise considerable discretion in what the reader will be shown or told about "context. " In the present paper, I discuss two senses of "context" as it involves conversational interaction in a bureaucratic environment. This use of the term "context" includes an institutionalized framing of activities or ways that group-derived prescriptive norms pressure and/or channel people with designated titles, presumed competencies, duties or responsibilities into certain physical spaces at certain times in order to engage in a finite number of specifiable activities. Within this institutionalized context or framing of activities, emergent processes of talk appear that creates a more narrow view of "context" in the sense of locally organized and negotiated interaction. I have chosen a conversation between three physicians in a university medical center to underscore the importance of context at different levels of analysis. The analyst's decision to focus on particular sociolinguistic notions rather than the interrelationship between discourse and broader and narrow senses of social structure will frame different expectations for the reader and different substantive conclusions on the part of the researcher.
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the impact of attractiveness on the actual achievement and mental health of individuals in a national sample and found consistently significant and monotonic relationships of attractiveness with four measures of achievement and eight measures of psychological well-being.
Abstract: Physical attractiveness has been linked to mental health, intelligence, ability and performance. Most of the studies on attractiveness have been experimental in nature and focused on perceptions of mental health and achievement rather than actual mental health and achievement. Operating within a status characteristics framework, we analyze the impact of attractiveness on the actual achievement and mental health of individuals in a national sample. We find consistently significant and monotonic relationships of attractiveness with four measures of achievement and eight measures of psychological well-being. Based on these analyses, we conclude that survey research findings corroborate experimental findings on attractiveness; that one's attractiveness does impinge on achievement and psychological well-being; and that status characteristics theory can be used to explain the effects of attractiveness on well-being and achievement.
TL;DR: In this paper, one answer given by a candidate interviewed for a teaching post is considered in order: (1) to provide for the interview as interactionally achieved in the organization of speech exchange; and (2) to show that sequential structures constitute an "interview orthodoxy" and are used by interviewers to then constitute the intelligibility of the attribution of personal characteristics to a candidate.
Abstract: A substantive field of research in sociology and social psychology is invoked in a characterization of a speech exchange system: the interview. One answer given by a candidate interviewed for a teaching post is considered in order: (1) to provide for the interview as interactionally achieved in the organization of speech exchange; and (2) to show that sequential structures constitute an "interview orthodoxy" and are used by interviewers to then constitute the intelligibility of the attribution of personal characteristics to a candidate. In the course of so doing, two further points emerge as worthy of future investigation: (1) there is a seriousness to suggesting that the systematic investigation of a speech exchange system in itself may be a methodfor addressing the aspects of social structure; and (2) an indication is given of what it would take to warrantably invoke a social context as relevant for human conduct.
TL;DR: Experimentation portant sur les effets eventuels de l'existence d'une double norme, sur les jugements portes sur autrui se fondant sur des informations a propos de la vie sexuelle des personnes visees as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Experimentation portant sur les effets eventuels de l'existence d'une double norme, sur les jugements portes sur autrui se fondant sur des informations a propos de la vie sexuelle des personnes visees
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimated a model in which later deviance was explained by the direct positive effects of disposition to deviance and early deviance, the direct negative effect of self-rejection, and the indirect positive effects.
Abstract: In an earlier analysis we estimated a model in which later deviance was explained by the direct positive effects of disposition to deviance and early deviance, the direct negative effect of self-rejection, and the indirect positive effects of self-rejection and early deviance. This analysis estimates an elaborated model which specifies, in addition to the above effects, the direct effect of association with deviant peers on later deviance. Deviant peer association mediates the influence of early deviance, self-rejection, and disposition to deviance upon later deviance. The model is estimated using the LISREL VI program for analysis of linear structural relationships among latent constructs in a three-wave panel data set.
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study assessed whether a female candidate's chance of being elected would be affected by her physical attractiveness and found that even though the candidate's physical attractiveness had no direct impact on her appeal to voters, it did exercise powerful indirect effects mediated by her perceived femininity, dynamism, niceness and age.
Abstract: An experimental study assessed whether a female candidate's chance of being elected would be affected by her physical attractiveness. Subjects read a biographical description of a candidate and were shown one of three differentially attractive photographs of her; all these materials, including the photos, depicted an actual candidate for Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court who had undergone a dramatic change in personal appearance. The candidate was also described as having highly feminine or masculine sex-role traits or androgynous traits, with subjects in a control condition receiving no such trait descriptions. Analysis revealed that even though the candidate's physical attractiveness had no direct impact on her appeal to voters, it did exercise powerful indirect effects mediated by her perceived femininity, dynamism, niceness and age.
TL;DR: The authors compared self-serving attributions made by individuals acting alone with those acting in groups and found that players made fewer self-attributions and more group-internal attributions for successful outcomes.
Abstract: This study compares the self-serving attributions made by individuals acting alone with those acting in groups. Attributions for group performance to causal factors other than "self " and "environment" are also explored. 549 statements by professional athletes were coded for their attributional content. Lone performers made more self-serving attributions than team performers. Also, as player actions became more interdependent, players made fewer self-attributions and more group-internal attributions for successful outcomes. Level of player interdependence did not affect failure attributions. Implications of these data are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors empirically analyzes some of the ways in which children are socialized to civility, and finds that children's disruptive and offensive acts are essential elements of that socialization process in that they occasion observed interpersonal rituals, ceremonial instructions and coaching.
Abstract: Goffinan's analyses of the ritual elements of everyday interaction indicate that our contemporary civil society is characterized by a kind of religion of civility. Based on observations of children in public settings, this article empirically analyzes some of the ways in which children are socialized to civility. That analysis indicates that children's disruptive and otherwise offensive acts are essential elements of that socialization process in that they occasion observed interpersonal rituals, ceremonial instructions and coaching. Children often are not the beneficiaries of the expressions of respect and regard that they are instructed and encouraged to give to others, however. Such treatment may actually encourage the young to engage in a kind of calculated ceremonial deviance which may also indirectly promote their socialization to civility.
TL;DR: The authors presented a longitudinal second-order confirmatory factor-analytic model of alienation in employed U.S. men, based on Seeman's original five-facet conceptualization.
Abstract: This paper presents a longitudinal second-order confirmatory factor-analytic model of alienation in employed U.S. men, based on Seeman's originalfive-facet conceptualization. Alienation appears in this model as a second-order factor that is significantly related to allfive of these facets. Powerlessness and self-estrangement are shown to be the two central facets. Meaninglessness, normlessness and cultural estrangement show progressively smaller relationships to the underlying alienation cotistruct. Although cultural estrangement is significantly related to the underlying construct, removing it tesults in a model that fits the data slightly better. Cross-national comparisons using cross-sectional data from Poland and Japan confirm the generalizability of this model. However, the magnitudes of the relationships of both normlessness and cultural estrangement to the second-order factor are somewhat different for Japan than for the United States and Poland.
TL;DR: Les hypotheses de depart de cette etude ont ete que les etudiants a haute estime de soi ont une plus haute idee de leurs performances and interpretent plus favorablement le ''feed-back» des enseignants, que les ensalignants a faible estime of soi
Abstract: Les hypotheses de depart de cette etude ont ete que les etudiants a haute estime de soi ont une plus haute idee de leurs performances et interpretent plus favorablement le «feed-back» des enseignants, que les etudiants a faible estime de soi
TL;DR: The authors used a heuristic 'facet sentence' to identify principal varieties and sources of interpretive ambiguity for participants and analysts, and possible effects of the several varieties; and possible participant and analyst responses (i.e., attempted disambiguation or inaction) and resources for disambigeuation.
Abstract: Both participants in ongoing interaction and analysts who subsequently may examine records of such are continually required to interpret the ongoing interaction, to disambiguate behaviors which are unclear both as to producer's intended "meanings" at different levels and producer's interactional goals, and to adjudicate among possible interpretations of "literal meaning" and "speaker's utterance meaning" (i.e., illocutionary pointlillocutionary force). Work about interactional accomplishment in conversation is necessarily also about disambiguation of meanings of social acts; it must necessarily also attend to the positive role of ambiguity in the maintenance of harmonious social relations. I have used a heuristic 'facet sentence" to identify: (1) principal varieties and sources of interpretive ambiguity for participants and for analysts; (2) possible effects of the several varieties; and (3) possible participant andlor analyst responses (i.e., attempted disambiguation or inaction) and resources for disambiguation. Two fragments of talk from a dissertation defense are used as illustrative texts. Partial analyses are presented and some implications briefly discussed. I attempt to demonstrate three points: (1) that ambiguity is endemic in at least some talk; (2) that ambiguities are differently perceived by analysts and participants; and (3) while not all ambiguities perceived by cointeractants need be resolved for talk to continue, and while some resolutions are only partial, some ambiguities require resolution and may, for the short term, become foci for interactional attention.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare two models, i.e., de renforcement positif and de punition effective, based on des evenements projetes dans l'avenir.
Abstract: Les theories du choix se repartissent en deux groupes: celles qui traitent des evenements «obtenus» (arrives): tels que renforcements et celles qui traitent des evenements programmes, tel que taux attendu d'un renforcement. Les modeles traitant des evenements projetes ont des implications quant aux politiques a suivre qu'il n'est pas facile d'inferer des modeles d'evenements «obtenus». Deux modeles generaux bases sur des evenements projetes dans l'avenir sont compares dans des situations: 1) de renforcement positif; 2) de punition effective
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of social exchange on adjustment were examined for both low and high religiosity males and females, and the results showed that the exchange model explained approximately the same amount of variance in adjustment for both groups of males.
Abstract: Recent work on marital adjustment has taken a social exchange view of relationship satisfaction. Assessments of satisfaction are thought to be a function of equity, equality and reward level. Based upon questionnaire responses from 220 young, married subjects, the effects of these factors on adjustment are examined for both low and high religiosity males and females. While equality is more important for the high religiosity group, the exchange model explains approximately the same amount of variance in adjustment for both groups of males. For females, the model explains more variance in adjustment for those low on religiosity. This finding is interpreted in terms of religion performing a compensatory function, and implications for the use of the exchange perspective are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of simultaneous threats to social and self-esteem on evaluation apprehension and found that conjoint threats to self and social-esteem both increased apprehension, but only in the absence of one type of ego threat.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to examine the impact of simultaneous threats to socialand self-esteem on evaluation apprehension. Subjects were told they would take a potentially ego-threatening test and that only they, only another individual, both they and the other individual, or no one would see their test scores. Prior to the test, evaluation apprehension was assessed. Results showed that potential threats to selfand social-esteem both increased apprehension, but only in the absence of the other type of ego threat. Further, the presence of both sources of threat did not produce greater apprehension than either threat alone. Also, subjects who scored low versus high on a measure of self-esteem differed in their reactions to socialand self-esteem threats. Results suggest that the effects of conjoint threats to socialand self-esteem are not cumulative.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test l'hypothese de la consistance contingente, selon laquelle un comportement consistant depend de l'existence de groupes de reference ou du support social.
Abstract: Cette etude a teste l'«hypothese de la consistance contingente» selon laquelle un comportement consistant depend de l'existence de groupes de reference ou du support social. On teste egalement un modele interactif de soutien social, dans le contexte de comportement «boisson» dans une collectivite d'adultes
TL;DR: In this paper, a group hypothetique de quatre personnes ont ete presentees a des sujets a who on a demande de distribuer une somme de 1000 dollars au groupe en modulant les allocations suivant le comportement and les contributions positives ou negatives du groupe.
Abstract: Des vignettes decrivant un groupe hypothetique de quatre personnes ont ete presentees a des sujets a qui on a demande de distribuer une somme de 1000 dollars au groupe en modulant les allocations suivant le comportement et les contributions positives ou negatives du groupe
TL;DR: In this article, the variable moderatrice appliquee a la relation comportement/attitude is used to evaluate the role of an interethrain personnel in the prediction of comportements de l'electeur.
Abstract: La technique de la variable moderatrice appliquee a la relation comportement/attitude est utilisee pour une etude du role de l'interet personnel dans la prediction du comportement de l'electeur. Dans quelles conditions l'interet personnel est-il le plus fortement lie au comportement de vote? Cette relation peut etre moderee par le degre d'implication personnel considere sous l'angle des «agendas personnels». Les agendas personnels fournissent une hierarchie subjective de problemes selon leur importance pour l'individu et la perception qu'a l'individu de l'importance du probleme pour autrui
TL;DR: The methode SYMLOG d'analyse de groupe est utilisee depuis plus de dix ans as mentioned in this paper, and three peu de donnees sont disponibles concernant la validation of son instrument psychometrique majeur l'Adjective Rating Form.
Abstract: La methode SYMLOG d'analyse de groupe est utilisee depuis plus de dix ans. Tres peu de donnees sont disponibles concernant la validation de son instrument psychometrique majeur l'Adjective Rating Form. Une version de cette echelle, l'Individual and Organizational Value Form a ete utilisee pour plus de 10000 ensembles de mesures, a la fois pour la recherche et pour des buts cliniques. On presente ici des correlations «item to scale» fondes sur 6432 de ces ensembles de mesure
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the strategies used by interactants to negotiate role-identities using dyadic role-play exercise and found that interactants solved the problem of situational relevance in the negotiations by using strategies in which they locally managed the selection or definition of relevant attributes.
Abstract: Using a dyadic role-play exercise, this study examines the strategies used by interactants to negotiate role-identities. Subjects were found to utilize self-attributes in producing basic moves such as claims to, and repudiations of, the role-identity of outstanding student. Claims and repudiations were subject to various kinds of definitional work by ego in the form of aligning actions. Alter also produced definitional work on previous claims in the form of challenges and counter claims. These findings also shed light on how interactants solved the problem of situational relevance in the negotiations by using strategies in which they locally managed the selection or definition of relevant attributes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the interactional features of satisficing as a rational course of economic action and propose two devices for accomplishing outcomes which satisfice are noticed and analyzed.
Abstract: The concept of "satisficing" is of central importance to many investigations of the social psychology of economic decision making. Through the examination of materials drawn from an actual business negotiation, this paper seeks to explore the interactional features of satisficing as a rational course of economic action. Two devices for accomplishing outcomes which satisfice are noticed and analyzed. Some implications of this mode of analysis for studies of decision making are proposed.