Showing papers in "Turkish Journal of Field Crops in 2014"
TL;DR: Saffron flowering traits are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and farm management, and the correct choice of saffron ecotypes, nanofertilizer and maternal corm weight are vital factors in farm management and economic saffrons production.
Abstract: To develop saffron planting in Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran, a split-split plot experiment based on CRBD was carried out in the Urmia University's research farm for two years . Nanofertilizers (Fe, P, K and nofertilizer (control)) as main plots, saffron ecotypes (Mashhad, Torbat-Heydarieh, Torbat-jam, Gonabad, Ghaen and Birjand) as subplots and maternal corm weight (6, 8, 10 and 12 g) as sub-sub plots were considered. Throughout the two years of the study, results showed significant differences between nanofertilizers levels, saffron ecotypes, maternal corm weight and their interactions in terms of all flowering traits. Results highlighted the importance of the nanofertilizers on improving saffron yield. In addition, it was also clear that Fe, P and K nanofertilizers all had positive effects on the saffron flowering. The results also illustrated that the high yield ecotypes Torbat-Heydarieh and Mashhad in Urmia region were due to similar climatic conditions of these regions. These results emphasized the importance of the mother corm weight on increasing saffron flowering was much better than both the nanofertilizer and saffron ecotype. As the mother corm weight increases from 6 to 12 grams, all the studied traits, including dry saffron yield and flower number also increased, by 5.17 times and 4.4 times, respectively. The results of stepwise regression and correlation coefficients noted that flower number, dry and fresh flower weight were the most effective traits on dry saffron yield. In total, it was concluded that saffron flowering traits are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and farm management. Therefore, the correct choice of saffron ecotypes, nanofertilizer and maternal corm weight are vital factors in farm management and economic saffron production
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of nonparametric tests of G, E and GE interaction and a combined ANOVA across environments showed there were both cross over and noncross over interactions for G and E and only non-cross over type for GE interaction.
Abstract: Rapeseed is the world’s second most important source of vegetable oils. Development of genotypes having high seed yield with stable performance is of paramount importance. In the present investigation seventeen genotypes were grown at seven locations during two growing seasons in semi-cold regions of Iran. Data recorded on seed yield were subjected to different nonparametric measures which do not require distributional assumptions. Results of nonparametric tests of G, E and GE interaction and a combined ANOVA across environments showed there were both cross over and non-cross over interactions for G and E and only non-cross over type for GE interaction. In this study, high values of Top (proportion of environments in which a genotype ranked in the top third) and mean of rank were associated with high mean yield. However Rank-sum measure was successful to detect genotypes showing simultaneous high yield and yield stability. Cluster analysis and principal component (PC) analysis help to group genotypes and measures and they revealed association among different statistics. Finally, among nonparametric measures, Top, Si(1) and Ranksum statistics of nonparametric procedures were found to be useful in detecting the stability of the genotypes. According to these parameters Geronimo was found as stable and high yield canola genotype
19 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that Avena sativa should be preferred for high biomass yield and should be cut at the beginning of mid-dough maturity stages for higher quality silage.
Abstract: Winter cereals can provide feed earlier than annual grasses since they are generally more adaptable to early sowing due to their higher tolerance of dry conditions. Cereals are also better suited to single-cut silagemaking, whereas annual grasses require multiple cuts or grazings to be fully utilised. A field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different harvest stages on the dry matter yield and silage quality of some winter cereals, during 2009-2011 growing season. Effects of three different harvest stages (early heading, milky stage, mid-dough stage) on five cereals (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Triticosecale, Avena sativa) were tested. The experiment was arranged in split block with four replications. Results indicated that, it was possible to produce an average of 10.9 t ha-1 dry matter yield and an average of 9.2% crude protein content at mid-dough stage in regions with Mediterranean-type climates. It was also concluded that Avena sativa should be preferred for high biomass yield and should be cut at the beginning of mid-dough maturity stages for higher quality silage
16 citations
TL;DR: Seven superior alfalfa populations were identified which could represent a valuable source of genetic material for further selection and improvement of the breeding program and/or application for plant cultivar registration.
Abstract: The objectives of this research were to evaluate agro-morphological and forage quality performances of selected alfalfa populations and to predict the genetic potential of this populations as a source of the material for breeding programs and/or commercial use. Twenty selected alfalfa populations and two control cultivars were tested over three consecutive years (2008, 2009, 2010) at the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute Osijek in Croatia. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. The plot size was 6 m2 at the sowing rate of 15 kg ha-1. A total of fifteen traits were measured/analysed on all plots and/or individual plants of all populations and cultivars. Significant differences were determined between alfalfa populations/cultivars in all investigated traits, except for content of crude protein in dry matter. The highest three-years average yields (from 86.32 to 101.12 t ha-1 for green mass, from 17.45 to 20.46 t ha-1 for dry matter, from 3657 to 4289 kg ha-1 for crude protein) and favourable values for the most of the investigated morphological and forage quality traits were obtained in populations MSP 16,8,1,9,20,11,10. Seven superior alfalfa populations were identified which could represent a valuable source of genetic material for further selection and improvement of our breeding program and/or application for plant cultivar registration
16 citations
TL;DR: Chickpea could be an alternative crop in dry environments for achieving reasonably N yields in Central European growing conditions because of its high crop N uptake rate even under drought conditions.
Abstract: Alternative crops like chickpea could become of interest under Pannonian climate conditions in Central Europe due to forecasted changes in climate. Therefore a two-year trial was conducted to evaluate concentrations, uptake and yields of nitrogen (N) during crop growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) compared to pea (Pisum sativum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) as affected by N fertilization with either calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or the depot fertilizer Basacote® Plus 6M (DF) in eastern Austria. Chickpea had the lowest above-ground dry matter (AGDM) and N yields among the four crops in 2006; however, it could gain higher AGDM and N yields than those of barley and oat under drought conditions in 2007. N concentrations and N yields throughout crop growth were increased by increasing rates of N fertilization (with CAN showing generally higher values than DF). Chickpea had a high crop N uptake rate and a high relative N uptake rate even under drought conditions. Thus, results indicated that chickpea could be an alternative crop in dry environments for achieving reasonably N yields in Central European growing conditions
15 citations
TL;DR: All investigated characters were varied significantly, except linalool which is major component in coriander fruit oil, and with respect to fruit yield and essential oil content, the best results were obtained from Arslan and Erbaa cultivars, respectively.
Abstract: Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L., is a major medicinal and aromatic plant having aromatic carminative, stomachic, and antispasmodic properties. There are six improved cultivars in Turkey. In the research, it was aimed to adaptability trial of the new cultivars for Eastern Mediterranean. Therefore, field experiments were carried out during 2008- 2009 and 2009- 2010 growing seasons. Plant and agronomic properties were evaluated with oil content and composition. Oil compositions were analyzed with GCMS. As a result of the research, all investigated characters were varied significantly, except linalool which is major component in coriander fruit oil. With respect to fruit yield and essential oil content, the best results were obtained from Arslan and Erbaa cultivars, respectively. Linalool contents varied between 84.60 and 90.10 %; and maximum data of the component were obtained from Gurbuz with 90%
14 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated that all the experimental plots treated with N produced higher MSLA, NLPP, LAI and TDM than control (N not applied); the increase in MSLA and NLPP showed positive relationship with LAI, and the TDM increased with increase in LAI.
Abstract: Amac: Koroner arter cerrahisinde kullanlan en onemli greft olan sol internal mamariyan arter (LMA)'nn hazrlanmas nda ve sonrasnda karfllafllan en onemli sorun LMA spazmdr. Bu calflmada, atan kalpte koroner baypas (OPCAB) hastalarnda kulland¤mz iki vazodilator ajann LMA akm uzerine olan etkilerini de¤erlendirdik. Materyal ve Metod: OPCAB yaplan 40 hasta calflmaya alnd. Hastalarn yafl ortalamas 61.50 ± 11.76 yl idi. Hastalar uygulanan vazodilator ajana gore iki gruba ayrld (papaverin ve verapamil gruplar). Kan akm olcumleri esnas nda diyabetes mellitus (DM) varl¤, tansiyon arteriyel (TA) ve aktive edilmifl phtlaflma zaman (ACT) de¤erleri olculerek kaydedildi. Bulgular: Topikal ilac uygulamasndan once ve LMA anastomoz edilmeden hemen once yaplan olcumlerde gruplar arasnda erkek hastalarda kadn hastalara gore (verapamil icin p=0.037, papaverin icin p=0.042) ve TA yuksek olan hastalarda TA de¤eri dufluk olan hastalara gore (verapamil icin ilac uygulama oncesi p=0.001, ilac uygulama sonras p=0.046, papaverin icin ilac uygulama oncesi p=0.012, ilac uygulama sonras p=0.021) istatistiksel olarak anlaml farkllk gozlendi (p
14 citations
TL;DR: The results of experiments showed that water stress and delayed planting date negatively affected yield components of seed and oil yield of rapeseed cultivars as the highest means of all assessed traits obtained in first planting date and under normal irrigation by RGS003.
Abstract: Two field studies were conducted during 2011-2013 years using factorial split plot experiment laid out in RCBD with three replications, to assess the effects of planting date on some qualitative and quantitative traits of three spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars under different irrigation regimes. Planting date in three levels as February 24, March 6, and March 16 and Irrigation in two levels as normal irrigation and interruption of irrigation from the pod formation stage (water stress) were randomized in the main plots and spring cultivars including V1: RGS003, V2: Sarigol, and V3: Zarfam were randomized in subplots. The results of experiments showed that water stress and delayed planting date negatively affected yield components of seed and oil yield of rapeseed cultivars as the highest means of all assessed traits (plant height, stem diameter, number of branches per plant, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seeds weight, seed yield, seed oil content, seed oil yield, total chlorophyll content and oleic acid content) obtained in first planting date and under normal irrigation by RGS003. RGS003 showed superiority in comparison to other cultivars in all planting dates and irrigation regimes
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of different mixture ratios (sole Hungarian vetch (HV), annual ryegrass (AR), and row spacings (20, 30, and 40 cm) on the forage yield and quality of the HV and AR intercropping system were investigated.
Abstract: This study was conducted at the Middle Kizilirmak basin of Turkey (40°20′N, 33°58′E, elevation 550 m), during the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 growing seasons, to determine the effects of different mixture ratios (sole Hungarian vetch (HV), annual ryegrass (AR); 80%HV+20%AR, 60%HV+40%AR, 40%HV+60%AR, and 20%HV+80%AR) and row spacings (20, 30, and 40 cm) on the forage yield and quality of the HV and AR intercropping system. The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design, where a split-plot arrangement of mixture ratios was considered as the main plot with the row spacings considered as subplots. According to the mean of 2 years, the different mixture ratios and row spacings had a statistically significant effect on all of the properties. At the end of the research, among the different mixture ratios and row spacing interactions, the highest green herbage yield (33.4 t ha–1), hay yield (7.5 t ha–1), lowest neutral detergent fiber (52.2%), and crude ash (7.8%) rates were obtained from the 60%HV+40%AR mixture and 30-cm row spacing interaction. The highest crude protein (CP) rate (17%), CP yield (1156 kg ha–1) and ADF (39.5%) ratios were obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 30-cm row spacing interaction. The highest RFV value (107) was obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 20-cm row spacing interaction. These results show that increasing the HV ratio in the mixture has positive effects on the yield and quality, whereas raising the row spacing has adverse effects on the forage values. Therefore, 80%HV+20%AR or 60%HV+40%AR with a 30cm row spacing interaction can be suggested for forage production in an HV and AR intercropping system
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the yield components in mung beans using the correlation, path and factor analyses, and found that there was considerable variation for the characters studied and that the total variance induced by the characters had 74% ofthe total variance.
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the yield components in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek] using the correlation, path and factor analyses. It was found that there was considerable variation for the characters studied. Factor 1 composed of 100-grain weight, podlength, pod width, branches per plant and pods per plant. The grain weight was stronglycorrelated with pod length and pod width. Pods per plant were significantly and positivelyassociated with branches per plant. Factor 2 consisted of biological, straw and grainyields. The seed yield was highly associated with biological and straw yields. Factor 3comprised of seed per pod, pods and flowers per peduncle. The fourth factor was onlythe days to flowering. The last factor was plant height. The total factors had 74% ofthe total variance induced by the characters. It was firstly concludedthat the factor analysis together with path and correlationcoefficients could successfully be used for determining characters usable for selection in themung bean breeding programs
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a field study was conducted to evaluate the yield and quality traits of sole lucerne (L), sole bromegrass (B), sole tall fescue (T), sole orchardgrass (O), sole ryegrasses (R), and sole rambus grass (R).
Abstract: A field study was conducted to evaluate the yield and quality traits of sole lucerne (L), sole bromegrass (B), sole tall fescue (T), sole orchardgrass (O), sole ryegrass (R), and lucerne + bromegrass + tall fescue (L+B+T) and lucerne + bromegrass + tall fescue + orchardgrass + ryegrass (L+B+T+O+R) intercropping mixtures at the GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Centre under the irrigated conditions during 2009, 2010, and 2011 in the Southeastern Turkey. Dry matter yield (DMY), crude protein content (CPC), crude protein yield (CPY), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), dry digestible matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and relative feed value (RFV) were determined in this study. The L+B+T intercropping mixture and sole lucerne provided higher yields than the other crops tested. Sole lucerne had higher protein and quality contents than the other sole perennial forages and intercropping mixtures. The L+B+T intercropping mixture had a higher yield and quality than the other sole perennial forages and intercropping mixtures, with the exception of sole lucerne
TL;DR: Broad-sense heritability (H) values of some quantitative traits in a potato population comprising 21 genotypes grown at Bornova, Izmir, Turkey during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons were estimated by using the variance components analysis method.
Abstract: Broad-sense heritability (H) values of some quantitative traits in a potato population comprising 21 genotypes grown at Bornova, Izmir, Turkey during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons were estimated by using the variance components analysis method. Based on the combined analysis of variance performed over two years, the following moderate to high level H values were found for plant height (0.77), leaf width (0.69), leaf length (0.71), single tuber weight (0.74), plant yield (0.60) and starch content (0.87).The expected genetic advance based on the selection of 25 % upper part was 8.2 cm for plant height; 0.5 for tuber number; 18.5 g for single tuber weight; 150.8 g for plant yield; 2.2 kg for plot yield and 1.9 % for starch content
TL;DR: The inheritance of grain yield plant-1 and its correlation with other yield components were investigated in a diallel cross of seven wheat parents during the crop season of 2011-2012, indicating that additive effect played important role in the inheritance of the trait.
Abstract: The inheritance of grain yield plant-1 and its correlation with other yield components were investigated in a diallel cross of seven wheat parents during the crop season of 2011-2012. Mean square of GCA effect was 2.90 for grain yield plant-1, which was highly significant (P<0.01), indicating that additive effect played important role in the inheritance of the trait. SCA effect was also highly significant (P<0.01) for grain yield plant-1 (0.68), suggesting that the trait was also controlled by non-additive effect. The estimates of GCA showed that the best combiner for grain yield plant-1 was Ningmai 9. The additive-dominance model was partially adequate for grain yield plant-1 and it was controlled by the over dominance type of gene action. Ningmai 8 possessed maximum dominant genes, whereas Yangmai 9 had maximum recessive genes. Grain yield plant-1 might be controlled by two groups of genes and exhibited moderately high value of narrow sense heritability (h2N=69.51%). The statistical analysis revealed that grain yield plant-1 was positively and significantly correlated with tillers plant-1 (rp=0.584, rg=0.595) and number of grains spike-1 (rp=0.528, rg=0.507) at phenotypic and genotypic levels
TL;DR: The implementation of second-order response surface model and interpretation of the results were based on 2k CCD and BBD with one replicate, which provides savings in terms of time and the amount of material by limiting the area at particular levels.
Abstract: The main purpose in all experimental designs is to take into account the factors that are considered likely to have an effect on the response variable emphasized, and to minimize the error of experiment in this way. Bread, which is the staple human food, cannot have any negative effect on human beings as long as it is produced by using suitable materials under appropriate conditions. However, when inappropriate amounts of raw materials are used (e.g. non-optimal amounts of bran, yeast or other additives), bread threatens health. In this study, Box-BehnkenDesign (BBD) and Central Composite Design (CCD), the two different designs of the response surface method, were applied to a single dataset. Two designs were evaluated in terms of the results obtained. The purpose in the second-order factorial experiments is to identify the optimum levels of independent variables for the dependent variable. In this study, the implementation of second-order response surface model and interpretation of the results were based on 2k CCD (Central Composite Design) and BBD (Box-Behnken Design) with one replicate. In the CCD, the amount of bran added, flour type, the ratio of yeast added, furnace temperature, the duration of remaining in the furnace, and fermentation time were accepted to be significant factors that affected volume yield. In addition, R2 = 80.7% shows that the regression equation explains variables by 80.7%. In the BBD, the ratio of bran added, the type of flour, the ratio of yeast added, furnace temperature (only in quadratic form), the duration of remaining in the furnace (only in quadratic form), and fermentation time (only in quadratic form) were accepted to be significant factors that affected volume yield. Furthermore, R2 = 89.64% shows that the regression equation explains variables by %89.64. This method provides savings in terms of time and the amount of material by limiting the area at particular levels. Researcher may use the results of either CCD or BBD (whichever s/he deems suitable) according to the volume s/he wants to obtain
TL;DR: The results of two-year averages indicated that the 75% common vetch + 25 % triticale mixture was the best one for good quality and higher forage yield, and its suitability was recommended for the experimental ecology.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the forage yield, quality and physiological properties of mixtures of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) with triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) and annual ryegrass (Lolium moltiflorum) grown as intermediate winter crop system under the conditions of Southern Marmara Region. Forage yield, light interception, leaf area index, crude protein content, crude protein yield, ADF and NDF contents were measured. The highest forage yield (15.21 t ha-1) was obtained from 50% common vetch + 50% triticale mixture which was followed by 75% common vetch + 25% triticale, 25% common vetch + 75% triticale, 25% common vetch + 75% annual ryegrass mixtures.The results of two-year averages indicated that the 75% common vetch + 25 % triticale mixturewas the best one for good quality and higher forage yield, and its suitability wasrecommended for the experimental ecology
TL;DR: The principal component analysis showed that wheat cultivars were differentiated according to variability of grain protein components, and cultivar classification by protein components significantly contributes to the improvement of breeding program towards the creation of high quality cultivars.
Abstract: The crude protein and protein components of fourteen commercial bread wheat cultivars grown in Eastern Croatia over two years and three locations were evaluated. Protein components were measured by reversed phase – high pressure liquid chromatography. A dominant effect of genotypes was obtained for the proportion of albumins and globulins, γ- gliadins and total glutenins, while year had a more pronounced impact on crude protein, total gliadins and high molecular weights and low molecular weights glutenin subunits. Locations had the strongest influence on total extracted proteins. Variability of gliadins to glutenins ratio was at the same extent influenced by the genotype and the year. Among interactions, genotype x year and year x location had the highest impact on evaluated proteins. The principal component analysis showed that wheat cultivars were differentiated according to variability of grain protein components. Considering the significant impact of proteins on the wheat bread-making quality, cultivar classification by protein components significantly contributes to the improvement of breeding program towards the creation of high quality cultivars. Keywords: wheat, protein components, environments, RP-HPLC
TL;DR: The results showed thatcontents of N, P, K, Mg, crude ash and tetany ratios decreased with advancing growth while Ca contents increased in grazing and non-grazing areas of two pastures.
Abstract: This research was conducted to determine the chemical composition of different artificial pastures from the years 2010 to 2012. For this purpose, two different artificial pastures were established, each covering 1.5 ha area during the first year of the research. The mixtures of the pastures used were as follows: Pasture 1 (P1): Medicago sativa L. (20%) + Bromus inermis L. (40%) + Agropyron cristatum L. (30%) + Poterium sanguisorba (10%);Pasture 2 (P2): Medicago sativa L. (15%) + Onobrychis sativa Lam. (15%) + Agropyron cristatum L. (35%) + Bromus inermis L. (35%). Forage samples were collected from grazing and non-grazing areas once every 15 days during the grazing seasons. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), crude ash and tetany ratio were determined on the forage samples. The results showed thatcontents of N, P, K, Mg, crude ash and tetany ratios decreased with advancing growth while Ca contents increased in grazing and non-grazing areas of two pastures. The highest values in terms of N, K and Mg contents were obtained from P2 compared to P1, while the highest crude ash ratio was determined from P1.The P, K, Ca, Mg, crude ash and tetany ratios in non-grazed areas were higher than grazed areas, while N content of grazed areas was higher than non-grazed areas
TL;DR: N fertilization at 150 kg N ha1 was optimal for grain production via promoting above-ground biomass and soil water consumption in deep soil layers and suggested that N fertilization management for optimal and sustainable wheat production in the said region was suggested.
Abstract: This study examined the effects of different levels of N fertilization on dry matter accumulation and remobilization, and soil water contents in a rainfed winter wheat field. The experiments were carried out during growth seasons in 2009 – 2012 in a hilly region in Shandong Province, China. The N rates applied were 0 (N0, the control), 90 (N1), 120 (N2), 150 (N3), 180 (N4), and 210 (N5) kg N ha1. Our results showed that N fertilization significantly increased dry matter accumulation and post-anthesis assimilates compared with controls. At anthesis, total above-ground biomass increased significantly with increasing N rate up to 150 kg ha1 and then leveled off in the 2009 – 2010 and 2011 – 2012 growth seasons. However, the biomass in the 2010 – 2011 growth season did not vary with different N rates. At maturity, the accumulation of dry matter in vegetative organs significantly increased with increasing N rate up to 150 kg ha1 and then leveled off in all growth seasons. Of all the treatments, N3 and N4 had relatively higher total above-ground biomass at maturity. In contrast, dry matter remobilization efficiency showed a declining trend under increasing N rate. The higher post-anthesis assimilates and the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grains were obtained at N rates of 150 and 180 kg ha1 in all growth seasons. Soil water contents in 0 – 120, 0 – 100, and 40 – 160 cm soil layers during each growth season decreased significantly with increasing N rate up to 150 kg ha1. The maximum grain yields were obtained under N rate of 150 kg ha1 in all growth seasons, with the highest grain yield being 7160.8 kg ha1 in the 2011 – 2012 growth season. Our results suggested that N fertilization at 150 kg N ha1 was optimal for grain production via promoting above-ground biomass and soil water consumption in deep soil layers. These results should help provide guidance for N fertilization management for optimal and sustainable wheat production in the said region
TL;DR: Bread wheat genotypes with high yield potential and stability under controlled field conditions which resembled drought types exist in different plant growth stages in the Central Anatolia Region were determined and grain yield values varied from 5771 to 8111 kgha-1(D5) by drought treatments, and from 5686 (Goksu 99) to 7552 (Konya 2002) among genotypes.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine bread wheat genotypes with high yield potential and stability under controlled field conditions which resembled drought types exist in different plant growth stages in the Central Anatolia Region.This study was conducted using split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications, the main plots were five drought treatments (D1: the general drought that represents the long term drought in region, D2:drought from the initiation of stem elongation to the initiation of heading stage, D3:drought from the initiation of heading to the end of flowering stage, D4:drought during grain filling period, D5: full irrigation) and ten bread wheat genotypes (Karahan 99, Bayraktar 2000, Gerek 79, Dagdas 94, Bezostaja 1, Goksu 99, Konya 2002, BDME 09/1 K, BDME 09/2 K and 08-09 KEBVD 24) were the subplots under rain shelter in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 plant growing seasons in Konya. The yield responses of bread wheat genotypes to drought stress were evaluated by drought susceptibility index (DSI) and yield stability parameters.The results showed that grain yield values varied from 5771 (D3) to 8111 kgha-1(D5) by drought treatments, and from 5686 (Goksu 99) to 7552 kgha-1 (Konya 2002) among genotypes. The grain yields of genotypes under D1, D2, D3 and D4 treatments compared to decreased 15.3, 16.6, 28.8 and 23.7 % respectively. DSI values ranged between 0.674 (Dagdas 94) – 1.919 (Goksu 99). BDME 09/1K and BDME 09/2K were varieties with wide adaptation and stability while Goksu 99 had the lowest grain yield levels in all drought stress conditions
TL;DR: Both lupin species may be cultivated in simplified soil tillage systems without losses of seed yields, and there were not significant differences between TS and TS.
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in the Wielkopolska region (52◦29’ N, 16◦49’ E, Poland) in Central Europe. The study was conducted over a 3-year period (2008, 2009, 2010) as a two-factorial desingn with four replications in the randomised plots The first factor consisted of lupin species (S): yellow lupin (YL) and narrow-leaved lupin (BL); the second factor was the adopted soil tillage system (TS): conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT). The following tillage systems were applied continuously since 1997 (before 1997 CT was used). YL compared to BL developed significantly higher stems, a greater plant mass, more pods and seeds per plant, but the number of seeds per plant pod and the mass of 1000 seeds were not differentiated between S. The seed yields of lupins were very similar and amounted to 1.15 t ha-1 for YL and 1.01 t ha-1 for BL. NT decreased significantly the plant density both lupin species. The seed yields of both lupin species were very similar and there were not significant differences between TS. For this reason both lupin species may be cultivated in simplified soil tillage systems without losses of seed yields. Key words: narrow-leaved lupin, tillage systems, yellow lupin
TL;DR: It was determined that the ratios of warm season grasses in the botanical composition of the mixtures declined with the establishment age while rate of alfalfa in theBotanical composition and land equivalent ratio (LER) increased.
Abstract: This research was conducted to determine forage yield and botanical composition of duo (alfalfa + one grass) and trio ( alfalfa + two grasses) mixtures of some warm season perennial grass species such as dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana L.) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) with alfalfa as well as their pure sowings under irrigated conditions of Mediterranean during the years of 2009-2011. In the study, green herbage yield, dry matter yield, botanical composition and land equivalent ratio (LER) were determined. The experimental design was completely randomized block design with three replications. According to the results, it was determined that the ratios of warm season grasses in the botanical composition of the mixtures declined with the establishment age while rate of alfalfa in the botanical composition of the mixtures increased. The mixtures gave higher dry matter yield than pure sowings of the species. The highest green herbage yield (68.44 t ha-1) was obtained from the mixture of alfalfa + Rhodes grass. The highest dry matter yield (15.40 t ha-1) was obtained from the mixture of alfalfa + Bermuda grass + Rhodes grass. The highest alfalfa proportion (50.0%) was obtained from the mixture of alfalfa + Bermuda grass. The highest LER (1.63) was obtained from mixture of alfalfa + dallis grass
TL;DR: Research results indicated that superior genotypes of perennial ryegrass could be utilized in future breeding programs and showed that there were significant differences among genotypes in terms of investigated traits.
Abstract: Many plants in natural flora including perennial ryegrass loss their genetic variability, suffer from genetic pollution or become extinction. In Turkey, studies on breeding of perennial ryegrass genotype collections are inadequate. This study aimed to determine some plant characteristics of perennial ryegrass plants collected from the natural flora of Ankara. Those genotypes were utilized in order to evaluate for breeding purposes. Seedlings were reproduced in greenhouse after collected seeds from plants were sown in pots. Seedlings were transplanted to the experimental field at 50 x 50 cm intervals in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications during 2005. Data were obtained from the observations and 568 perennial ryegrasses in 2007 and 2008. The observations and measurement of the two year average values ranged from 2.25 to 6.50 (1=very early, 9=very late) for the spring re-growth time, 2.75 to 7.75 (1=very light green, 9=very dark green) for color, 1.25 to 6.88 (1=very low, 9= very high) for density, 1.0 - 8.0 (1=erect, 9=prostrate) for growth habit, 1.0 - 9.0 (1=very weak, 9=very strong) for tendency to inflorescences, 1.0 to 7.5 (1= very early, 9= very late) for time of inflorescence emergence. In the study, furthermore, measurements varied between 19.35 and 48.05 cm for plant height, 8.31 and 25.54 cm for length of upper internode, 6.76 and 16.28 cm for spike length, 6.44 and 14.57 cm for leaf length, 2.41 and 4.01 mm for leaf width, 1.68 and 4.87 cm2 for leaf area, 21.23 and 45.52 for leaf shape, 11.63 and 23.75 for spikelet number per spike, 0.031 and 0.151 g spike-1 for seed yield, 1.23 and 2.38 g for thousand grain weight. The findings showed that there were significant differences among genotypes in terms of investigated traits. The high level of genotypic variability increased the possibility for selection of suitable genotypes. Research results indicated that superior genotypes of perennial ryegrass could be utilized in future breeding programs
TL;DR: The parents used in this study exhibited positive GCA effects for seed yield and could be considered as promising parents in the production of F1 hybrids and in further breeding studies.
Abstract: This study was undertaken to estimate the combining ability in turnip rape through diallel analysis involving five diverse genotypes. A 5 x 5 full diallel crosses study, including the reciprocals, with turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) was performed to determine both the magnitude of gene action and heterotic performance of the crosses for seed yield and important yield components. Field experiments were conducted at Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey, during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons. All 20 F1 hybrids and their parents were sown in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. During both years, the mean squares of the general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal combining ability (RCA) were statistically significant for all traits evaluated. The parent Malvira was a good general combiner because this parent had the highest significant positive GCA effects for all the characteristics evaluated. In addition, Lenox proved to be a good general combiner for plant height. The significant positive mid-parent and high-parent heterosis values were obtained with several crosses in important yield components. In conclusion, the parents used in this study exhibited positive GCA effects for seed yield. Therefore they could be considered as promising parents in the production of F1 hybrids and in further breeding studies
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined the hydrocyanic acid and sugar content dynamics on two forage sorghum cultivars i.e. JS-2002 and Chakwal Sorghum at different developmental stages (bootinga and 50% headingb).
Abstract: Sorghum crop provides excellent forage in dry land areas. It has ability to tolerate high temperature and grow under minimal soil moisture. Sugar content in Sorghum is of prime importance regarding, animal feed value as well as biofuel production. However, high level of HCN toxin production is a serious problem associated with this crop which could be lethal to animals if ingested in greater quantities. In this study hydrocyanic acid and sugar content dynamics were determined on two forage sorghum cultivars i.e. JS-2002 and Chakwal sorghum at different developmental stages (bootinga and 50% headingb). Fertilizer treatments of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) and sulphur levels (0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1) were applied in replicates. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design. The results clearly depicted that increase in nitrogen levels gradually increased the HCN and sugar contents irrespective to sulphur and delayed harvesting times. Increase in HCN (21a & 22b%) and brix value (56a & 59b%) was found more at 120 kg N ha-1 when compared with 0 kg N ha-1 (control) treatment. Similarly increase in sulphur application caused increase in brix value however; inverse relationship with HCN content was recorded. Results also indicated that sorghum cultivar JS-2002 produced 27a & 40b% decline in HCN content while 8a & 18b% more sugar content when compared with Chakwal sorghum. Seasonal variations resulted maximum sugar production of 14.9, 25.6% and HCN content of 21.9 & 13.1 mg/100g during different year time (2010 and 2009 when compared with 2008, respectively) probably due to variation in seasonal rainfall. Three years field study indicate that JS-2002 produced less HCN with low dose of N application (0 kg ha-1) and higher application of sulphur (40 kg ha-1) while more brix value at 40 kg S and 120 kg N ha-1 under sub-tropical rainfed conditions
TL;DR: Overall, on the basis of the consistent percentage reductions in plant heights, total dry weight, leaf area, RWC, WUE and low δ13C, the TRE-ASL09/14 new breeding line was found to be more drought tolerant when compared with the other safflower hybrids under drought stress.
Abstract: Drought stress is one of the most limiting factors in agricultural productivity because of its highly negative effect on photosynthesis and growth of plants. The main objectives of this study were to determine the performance of four selected safflower genotypes (Remzibey, Dincer, Balci and TRE-ASL09/14) against drought stress. The relationship between water use efficiency (WUE) and δ13C (isotope discrimination) was investigated under well watered (60%) and drought stress (30%) irrigation in controlled conditions in a green house. The result showed that drought stress clearly reduced plant biomass, leaf area, leaf number, relative water content (RWC), specific leaf weight (SLW), WUE and δ13C in all genotypes, while chlorophyll increased under drought stress. There were significant differences between performances of all safflower genotypes in terms of response to drought stress. High WUE and low δ13C discrimination under drought stress were inversely associated with a strong regression relationship (R2=0.75). The analysis of δ13C revealed a substantial variation in water use efficiency among the genotypes under drought stress. It was revealed that low δ13C discrimination types had high WUE, RWC and total biomass under drought stress. Thus, the ability of the low δC genotypes (high water use efficiency, WUE) to maintain higher RWC may provide a good indication of the differences in drought tolerance of safflower genotypes differing in δ13C. Overall, on the basis of the consistent percentage reductions in plant heights, total dry weight, leaf area, RWC, WUE and low δ13C, the TRE-ASL09/14 new breeding line was found to be more drought tolerant when compared with the other safflower hybrids under drought stress. As a result of our study it is suggested that there is a strong relationship between WUE and lower δ13C under drought stress, indicating that it may be used as a selection criterion for developing safflower genotypes with drought tolerance
TL;DR: Bu calismada, killi seviyeler ve dolgu malzemesi icin elde edilen indeks ve makaslama dayanim degerleri ocaktaki acilacak kazi sevlerinin durayliliginin arastirilmasinda kullanilabilir.
Abstract: Dogu Karadeniz Bolgesinin en buyuk cimento hammadde ocagi olan Tasonu Kirectasi Ocaginda (Arakli-Trabzon) 2005-2006 tarihleri arasinda uc ayri duzlemsel yenilme gelismistir Degisik fasiyeslerdeki kirectaslarindan olusan Kirechane formasyonunda acilmis olan ocakta gelisen bu heyelanlar sonucunda malzeme alimi buyuk miktarda azalmistir Heyelanlarin kayma duzlemleri kalinligi 15-110 cm arasinda degisen killi seviyelerdir Bu nedenle soz konusu killerin jeomekanik ve jeofizik ozellikleri incelenmistir Killi seviyelerden alinan ornekler yuksek plastisiteli kil (CH) grubuna girmektedir Bu orneklerdeki kil minerallerinin yaklasik % 85-90'i montmorillonit ve % 10-15'i ise illitdir Bu alandaki kil cesitliligini ortaya koymada yararlanilan hacim manyetik suseptibilite olculeri 129-163x10-6 cgs araliginda degismektedir Bu degerler kil icindeki agir metal kirlilik oranlari ile irdelenmis ve ozellikle demir oksit (% 36-68) oranlarinin degisimine bagli oldugu sonucuna varilmistir Bu calismada, killi seviyeler ve dolgu malzemesi icin elde edilen indeks ve makaslama dayanim degerleri ocaktaki acilacak kazi sevlerinin durayliliginin arastirilmasinda kullanilabilir
TL;DR: White lupin can be used as a silage raw material, but plants before ensiling should be partially wilted and silage additives should be applied.
Abstract: A two-factor field experiment with white lupin cv. Butan was carried out. The first factor was the green forage harvest date (the flat pod stage – Cut 1 and the stage of green ripe seeds – Cut 2), while the second one – application of silage additives: biological (strains of lactic acid bacteria) and chemical (a mixture of organic acids), and the control treatment (without additives). In Cut 2 higher fresh matter (FM) and dry matter (DM) yields were obtained. Silage inoculated with the biological additive contained a significantly greater count of lactic acid bacteria. Both additives reduced counts the Clostridium bacteria, yeasts and mould fungi. The silage with the chemical additive had a three-fold higher content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), while the biological additive increased lactic acid (LA) levels. White lupin can be used as a silage raw material, but plants before ensiling should be partially wilted and silage additives should be applied
TL;DR: The results indicated that the selection method has led to improvement in many characters of this population, and several generations of recurrent selection are required to result in early maturity in this corn population.
Abstract: High yield and early maturity are important characters in corn breeding. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the responses to four cycles created by modified mass selection method to increase yield and early maturity of a purple waxy and to investigate the correlations between yield and among other important traits in a purple waxy corn (Zea mays L. var. ceratina) population. Four cycles was evaluated for two seasons in 2012/13. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The results indicated that the selection method has led to improvement in many characters of this population. C4 cycle gave the highest whole ear yield of 16.0 t ha-1 followed by 15.4 t ha-1 of C3 cycle. Although C4 also had the highest marketable husked yield (9.9 t ha-1), it had the lowest days to tasseling and days silking. Genetic gains per cycle were 0.68 (P≤0.01) and 0.37 (P≤0.01) for whole ear yield and marketable husked yield, respectively, whereas genetic gain for days to tasseling and silking was -1.8 for both traits. As correlations between marketable husked yield with days to silking and days to tasseling were negative and low, direct selection for marketable husked yield would result in early maturity in this corn population, and several generations of recurrent selection are required
TL;DR: Guinea grass and finger grass did not show good adaptaion to the Cukurova conditions due to low temperatures during the winter season.
Abstract: This research was conducted to determine forage yield and botanical composition of duo (alfalfa + one grass) and trio ( alfalfa + two grasses) mixtures of some warm season perennial grass species such as dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana L.), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) Guineae grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), blue couch grass (Digitaria didactyla Willd) and finger grass (Digitaria milanjiana (Rendle) Stapf) with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as well as their pure sowings under irrigated conditions of Mediterranean during the years of 2011 and 2012. In the study, green herbage yield, dry matter yield, alfalfa proportion in dry matter yields and land equivalent ratio (LER) were determined. The experimental design was completely randomized block design with three replications. According to the results, it was determined that the ratios of warm season grasses in the botanical composition of the mixtures declined with the establishment age while rate of alfalfa in the botanical composition of the mixtures increased. Increasing the rate of alfalfa in the botanical composition of the mixtures also increased hay quality of the mixtures. The mixtures gave higher dry matter yield than pure sowings of the species. The highest green herbage yield (98.14 t ha1) was obtained from the mixture of Rhodes grass + alfalfa. The highest dry matter yield (22.46 t ha1) was obtained from the mixture of dallis grass + Guinea grass + alfalfa. The highest value of land equivalent ratio (LER) (1.49) was obtained from the mixture of bermuda grass +Rhodes grass + alfalfa. From the results of the study, it was concluded that Guinea grass and finger grass did not show good adaptaion to the Cukurova conditions due to low temperatures during the winter season. Bermuda grass, Rhodes grass, blue couch grass and dallis grass could be used to establish pasture mixtures with alfalfa, having long grazing season and giving high hay yield and quality. Before the establishment of such pasture mixtures, it was needed to research proper mixture ratios and proper management techniques of the mixtures
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was carried out in the research field of Agricultural Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey, where a total of 13 promised safflower lines (A13, A29, C12, E12, F4, F5, F6, G16, H3, J19, Y1-8-14-1, AOL-2(2), DP 1.5) were used as material.
Abstract: This research was carried out in the research field of Agricultural Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. Field experiments were carried out in two growing seasons (2011 and 2012) according to “Randomized Complete Block Design” with three replications. In the study, a total of 13 promised safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) lines (A13, A29, C12, E12, F4, F5, F6, G16, H3, J19, Y1-8-14-1, AOL-2(2), DP 1.5.8-1) and 5 cultivars (Black Sun1, KS 06 and Oleic Leed, Dincer, Remzibey) were used as material. Oil content of the safflower genotypes were ranged in between 24.05-33.18%. The highest protein content value was obtained from J19 line (21.72%) while the lowest was found on the Turkish cultivar of Remzibey (16.03%). Negative correlations were found for oil content and hull thickness (r=-0.3152**), hull ratio (r=-0.7122**) and pappus ratio (r=-0.3408**). Protein content was found as significantly and negative correlated with some characters, similar to the seed widness (r = -0.2546**), seed thickness (r=-0.1918*), geometric diameter (r=-0.3194**), seed surface area (r=-0.3119**), pappus ratio (r=-0.3114**) and 100-seed weight (r=-0.2597), respectively. According to the results, increasing the dimension and geometrical values cause to a decrease in the oil and protein content of safflower seeds. Quality components (oil and protein content) showed negative correlations with both of pappus rate and hull features