Showing papers in "Vingtieme Siecle-revue D Histoire in 1995"
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TL;DR: Sun Yat-sen as mentioned in this paper was a leader of the Chinese National Revolution and Revolutionary Nationalism (RNS) from 1866-1925, and a founding father of modern China.
Abstract: Note to reader Maps Introduction Part I. The Adventurer of the Southern Seas, 1866-1905: 1. The formative years, 1866-1894 2. The symbolic creation of a revolutionary leader, 1894-1897 3. The symbolic creation of a revolutionary movement, 1897-1900 4. The awakening of Chinese nationalism and the founding of the revolutionary alliance, 1805 Part II. The Founding Father? 1905-1920: 5. Sun and the revolutionary alliance 6. The conspirator 7. The (adoptive) father of the Chinese republic 8. Crossing the desert, 1913-1920 Part III. Sun's Last Years: National Revolution and Revolutionary Nationalism, 1920-1925: 9. Sun Yat-sen, soviet advisers, and the Canton revolutionary base, 1920-1924 10. Sun Yat-sen's three principles of the people 11. Sun Yat-sen's death and transformation Biographical sketches Notes Bibliography Index.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors follow the itinerary of a French "racialism" of which Georges Mau- co was the herald, taking into account the actors' writings and statements as well as the framework of the individual, collective and institutional logic.
Abstract: Racism and discrimination in France's immigration policy: 1938-1945, Patrick Weil. ; Since it was designed in the 1930s as a public policy, State action concerning immigration took in France several paths. Between the Third Republic and the Vichy regime, between Vichy and 1945, and between 1945 and 1978, continuities are complex but take up, in various ways, the concept of the immigrants' different potential for assimilation according to origins. In order to follow the itinerary of a French "racialism" of which Georges Mau- co was the herald, it is necessary to take into account the actors' writings and statements as well as the framework of the individual, collective and institutional logic.
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TL;DR: Dard as mentioned in this paper studied the internal operation of X-Crise and found that its apparent solidity cannot hide its weaknesses, personal divisions and ideological contradictions, while the theses developed by X-crise have in recent years been rescued from oblivion.
Abstract: A trip inside X-Crise, Olivier Dard. ; While the theses developed by X-Crise have in recent years been rescued from oblivion the internal operation of this prestigious groupe had remained largely unknown. This study of its inner organization shows that its apparent solidity cannot hide its weaknesses, personal divisions and ideological contradictions.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The archives of the French Land Army's Historical Service make it possible to study in detail the various formations of Muslim civilian auxiliary forces (among which the "harkis") which contributed, with varying efficacy, to the "maintenance of order" alongside the French army during the Algerian war, from 1954 to 1962 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Algerian auxiliaries in the French army during the Algerian war, Charles-Robert Ageron ; The opening of the archives of the French Land Army's Historical Service makes it possible to study in detail the various formations of Muslim civilian auxiliary forces (among which the "harkis") which contributed, with varying efficacy, to the "maintenance of order" alongside the French army during the Algerian war, from 1954 to 1962: to tally the number of enrolled soldiers, but also desertions; to ask finally the question of these auxiliaries'motivations and to give a preliminary explanation of the harkis' trauma in 1962
TL;DR: The history of cinephilia is a way of watching films, of commenting them and of circulating the discourse as discussed by the authors, which is also a way to consider the cinema in its context and as an historical topic.
Abstract: Cinephilia or the invention of a culture, Antoine de Baecque, Thierry Fremaux. Cinephilia is a way of watching films, of commenting them and of circulating the discourse. It is also a way of considering the cinema in its context and as an historical topic. The history of cinephilia is thus part of the cultural history touching on the relations between mass and elite culture. When studying cinephilia, one analyzes both a practice as much as social representation. Writing a history of cinephilia means holding together, in one understanding, the film and the life organized around it. It implies anchoring the vision of the film in the diversity of its sources and its context. One lises from the field of the relations between history and the cinema to a genuine history of cinema.
TL;DR: The massacres in Rwanda between April and July 1994 were not synonymous with a spontaneous and uncontrollable "ethnie" outburst, prepared by previous ethnicist propaganda, organised by a corrupt political regime, the killing directed against the Tutsi minority had the features of a genuine genocide as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: "Tropical nazism" in Rwanda? Image or logic of a genocide, Jean-Pierre Chretien. ; The massacres in Rwanda between April and July 1994 were not synonymous with a spontaneous and uncontrollable "ethnie" outburst. On the contrary, prepared by previous ethnicist propaganda, organised by a corrupt political regime, the killing directed against — but not exclusively — the Tutsi minority had the features of a genuine genocide.
TL;DR: Georgi as discussed by the authors described the Champs-Elysees demonstration as a "sea of people", and the crowd gathered was compared to a'sea' by Georgi.
Abstract: "Power is in the streets". 30 May 1968: the "Gaullist demonstration" on the Champs-Elysees, Frank Georgi. On May 30, 1968, the Champs-Elysees demonstration was a such a success that the crowd gathered was compared to a "sea". It was not as unanimous in its Gaullist fervor as was then said, but it did weigh decisively in the battle for legitimacy which saved Gaullist power.
TL;DR: Natalism and nationalism at the time of the First World War, Judith Wishnia as mentioned in this paper argued that the revelation of rapes committed by the German troops during the occupation of Northern and Eastern France posed a dilemma for part of French public opinion: natalists and nationalism clashed when faced with the possible response to the condition of women thereby made pregnant.
Abstract: Natalism and nationalism at the time of the First World War, Judith Wishnia. ; Concern about the low French birth rate compared with Germany's demographie dynamism grew into a crisis during the First World War. Nationalism and natalism were from then on linked. The revelation of rapes committed by the German troops during the occupation of Northern and Eastern France posed a dilemma for part of French public opinion: natalism and nationalism clashed when faced with the possible response to the condition of women thereby made pregnant. The advocates of the prohibition of abortion won because, in spite of the circumstances of conception, a child born to a French mother, fed on French milk and brought up in France was French. The mother's nationality superseded that of the male seed.
TL;DR: The radicalization of French women's movement, 1960-1970, was actually nourished by the struggles and the thinking carried out by older groups born during the Third Republic or in the late 1960s.
Abstract: The radicalization of French women's movement, 1960-1970, Sylvie Chaperon. ; During the 1960s, France went through economic and social upheavals which affected the place of women in society and challenged the traditional division of roles and the images of masculinity and feminity. The feminist explosion of 1970, often presented by these movements' militants as a radical innovation, was actually nourished by the struggles and the thinking carried out by older groups born during the Third Republic or in the late 1960s. The May 1968 revolts were certainly essential in the emergence of the MLF, but it would be an error of historical analysis to omit the links with previous years. Far from rising out of the consequences of the 1968 movements, French feminism is the outgrowth of a slow radicalization of women's struggles.
TL;DR: The Permanent International Committee of Work Accidents (1889), the International Association for the Legal Protection of Workers (1900-1901), and International Association of the Fight against Unemployment (1910) were among the most important of these pioneering institutions.
Abstract: The mirage of social Europe. International social policy associations at the beginning of the 20th century, Rainer Gregarek. ; At the end of the 19th century, at a time when the rise of nationalism was blocking diplomatic initiatives, it was in "private" international associations and meetings that the embryo of a social Europe was conceived. The Permanent International Committee of Work Accidents (1889), the International Association for the Legal Protection of Workers (1900-1901) and the International Association for the Fight against Unemployment (1910) were among the most important of these pioneering institutions. They tried to use their international character to get around the hesitations of businessmen and governments to set up policies of social protection and started to reflect about harmonization on the European scale. The lack of official status, the persistence of internal tensions among national groups and among social groups led to failure. They nevertheless represented an original network of meetings and exchanges which facilitated the dissemination and transfer of models among European experts.