Showing papers in "Water Research in 1996"

TL;DR: In this article, the extraction of water soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from activated sludge was investigated, which consisted mainly of protein but also humic compounds, carbohydrates, uronic acids and DNA.

TL;DR: The “sterol fingerprints” of the faeces of humans and animals are sufficiently distinctive to be of diagnostic value in determining whether faecal pollution in water samples are of human or animal origin.

TL;DR: For most of the time of reactor operation nitrite was the main NOx species in the effluent, instead of the commonly expected nitrate, which led to the conclusion that the activity of Nitrobacter species was probably inhibited in the SBRs studied.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined the taste and odour threshold concentrations in water for 59 potential drinking water contaminants, including pesticides, phenol, chlorinated phenolic compounds and anisoles, geosmin, 2-methyl-isoborneol and aluminium sulphate.

TL;DR: In this article, an anaerobic-anoxic (A2) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) coupled with a nitrification SBR was evaluated. And the technical feasibility for simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal in the proposed two-sludge system was evaluated, and it was concluded that the separation of the nitrification step leads to an optimal process design for the application of denitrifying dephosphatation.

TL;DR: In this article, iron oxides were coated onto the surface of ordinary filter sand, and this composite media was used in a fixed bed configuration for simultaneous filtration of particulate matter and sorption of dissolved metals.

TL;DR: In this article, a text wastewaters from a large dyeing and finishing mill was treated by a continuous process of combined chemical coagulation, electrochemical oxidation and activated sludge treatment.

TL;DR: The conceptual resistance-in-series model was applied to assess the fouling characteristics and the major composition of the inorganic foulant was identified as MgNH 4 PO 4 ·6H 2 O (struvite), whose deposition together with the microbial cells attached at the membrane surface played a significant role in the formation of the strongly attached cake layer limiting membrane permeability.

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of metal coagulant concentration, effluent dilution and pH on the removal of total carbon, colour and turbidity from a combined bleached chemithermomechanical/thermOMEchanical (BCTMP/TMP) effluent were examined.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the flocculation of polystyrene particles in a stirred tank at various shear rates (63−129 s−1) and aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3 16H2O, flocculant concentrations.

TL;DR: A nomenclature is proposed whereby investigators can make the nature of reported kinetic parameters clear and the history of the culture, the identifiability of the parameters, and the manner in which the experiment to measure them are run.

TL;DR: A review of surface and ground water quality monitoring program design publications from 1970 to early 1995 is presented in this article, where information goals, data analysis, types of designs and regional programs are dealt separately with information indicators of water quality, the spatial distribution of sampling sites, sampling frequency, computer-aided methodologies and the cost effectiveness of designs.

TL;DR: Antiscale magnetic treatment (AMT) as mentioned in this paper has been shown to be more effective above a threshold magnetic field contact time and in flowing systems, and is more effective in treated waters up to 130 h after exposure has ceased.

TL;DR: C. perfringens was identified as the most useful indicator of faecal pollution and was the only indicator significantly correlated to the presence of pathogenic Giardia and the opportunistic bacterial genus Aeromonas.

TL;DR: In this article, the first flush phenomenon is identified as being a relatively high load of pollutants in the initial phases of combined sewer flow and these may be used for storage tank design, to optimise the storage volume and the temporal variation in pollutant concentration within an event need to be predicted.

TL;DR: In this article, the results of experiments of direct and sensitized photocatalysis of 4-nitrophenol using an annular reactor, TiO2, and an artificial light source were reported.

TL;DR: Ciliated protozoa such as Chilodonella uncinata and Trochilia minuta showed the highest sensitivity to all the studied metals, while Opercularia coarctata and O. minima, were the most tolerant species.

TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption of vanadium (IV) by chitosan, a naturally occurring material, is studied according to equilibrium and kinetics, and single mechanisms of diffusion are studied.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed effluents from the three largest WWTPs in Sweden for the presence of organic pollutants by GC-MS and found that a broad spectrum of nonregulated organic pollutants were found in the effluent including aromatic hydrocarbons, food and household related compounds, solvents, plasticisers, flame retardants, preservatives, antioxidants and washing and cleaning related compounds.

TL;DR: The high MR degradation ability and low nutrient and environmental requirements of K. pneumoniae RS-13 enable this bacterium to be used in the treatment of industrial effluent containing azo dyes.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of stimulating bacterial sulfate reduction in open pit water filling polyacrylate cylinders with a sand bed and a layer of crushed stones at the bottom was examined in a bench scale experiment.

TL;DR: In this paper, an adsorbent for heavy metal was synthesized by introducing polyethyleneimine (PEI) into porous cellulose carriers, which showed the ability of cell-PEI to selectively remove mercury even at acidic regions.

TL;DR: Analysis of the risk associated with exposure to the reclaimed water shows that the probability of infection following a single exposure to 100 ml of the water was between 10−6 and 10−8 (1 in 100 million) for landscape irrigation, and anaerobic treatment of residual solids produced during the wastewater treatment process reduced the levels of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms by 1 log10.

TL;DR: In this article, a simple measuring system was developed that yields information about the presence of NH + 4 and NO − 2 nitrogen in mixed liquor samples, which is valuable for detailed monitoring of the nitrification process in a reactor: it is simple, inexpensive, robust and generally applicable for nitrifying reactor systems.

TL;DR: Analysis indicates that significant risks of disease could result for drinking and recreational waters in which rotavirus has been detected, and the major limitation in assessing the risks of waterborne rotaviral infections at present is the lack of data on its occurrence in water and the potential for human exposure.

TL;DR: As the toxicity of microcystin-LR is critically dependent on the orientation of the peptide ring with respect to the “Adda” (the β-amino acid which is unique to the blue-green algal toxins) side-chain, and it appears that this side chain is affected during biodegradation, it seems likely that a reduction in toxicity occurs.

TL;DR: The feasibility of the enzyme process to treat a foundry wastewater containing 3.5 mM of total phenols (330 mg/l as phenol) was examined and a comparison was made between enzyme treatment and oxidation using Fenton's reagent.

TL;DR: The double-stranded DNA adenoviruses appear to be the most resistant of all potentially water-borne enteric viruses to UV light disinfection.

TL;DR: In this paper, positive effects of protozoa on carbon mineralization by bacteria are considered specifically in the context of waste-water treatment, and the following effects are reviewed: (1) changes in the C:N:P ratio of the substrate; (2) excretion of growth factors; and (3) grazing Depending on the composition of substrate, grazing can stimulate biological breakdown of carbon.

TL;DR: The cellulose-dependent denitrification process was sensitive to changes in temperature: nitrate removal rates at 14°C were approximately one third of the rates observed at 32°C as mentioned in this paper.