A changing environment of urban education: historical and spatial analysis of private supplementary tutoring in China
Wei Zhang,Mark Bray +1 more
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For example, between 1978 and 2018, the urban population in China increased from 17.9 percent to 59.6 percent of the total as discussed by the authors, and urbanization has many implications.Abstract:
Recent decades have brought dramatic urbanization to China. Between 1978 and 2018, the urban population rose from 17.9 per cent to 59.6 per cent of the total. Urbanization has many implications, in...read more
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Responsibilised parents and shadow education: managing the precarious environment in China
Junyan Liu,Mark Bray +1 more
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined Chinese patterns and found that much parental investment is in the so-called shadow education sector of private supplementary tutoring, and employed parental interview data to show the rationales for such investment despite efforts by the Chinese authorities to retain schooling as a fully sufficient form of education.
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Shadow Education in the Nordic Countries: An Emerging Phenomenon in Comparative Perspective:
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Geographies of shadow education: patterns and forces in the spatial distributions of private supplementary tutoring
Mark Bray,Mark Bray +1 more
TL;DR: A growing literature, much of it with cross-national comparisons, employs geographic lenses to secure insights into educational studies as mentioned in this paper.Most of this literature focuses on schooling, though parts a...
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Comparison of Factors Associated with Myopia among Middle School Students in Urban and Rural Regions of Anhui, China
TL;DR: Homework loads and the time of going to sleep were associated with myopia for children in both urban and rural regions, however, time outdoors was only associated withMyopia in urban regions, and taking breaks during near work was only related to myopia in rural regions.
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Learning from each other: Expanding and deepening international research on shadow education
Abstract: Research on private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has a long history but only gathered intensity during the present century. This research has shown much diversity in the scale and nature of shadow education, but further mapping and analysis is needed to reduce gaps in understanding and to keep up with changes. The collection of articles in this special issue of the journal presents insights from parts of Africa, Asia and Europe; and this introductory essay juxtaposes these insights with Hungarian research. The domain of shadow education has many tensions, with both positive and negative implications for individuals, families, the field of education, and societies as a whole. International research helps with understanding these tensions, and in due course with appropriate action to address them. In the process, much can be learned from counterparts in different systems, countries and cultures, not only about the nature and impact of shadow education but also about methodological approaches to research.
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The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and Its Implications for Planners
TL;DR: Bray as discussed by the authors describes and analyzes the phenomenon of private educational tutoring and places the subject in a global context, and provides a historical and sociological context for the phenomenon and ends by providing some suggestions for policy makers.
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The history of policy responses to shadow education in South Korea: implications for the next cycle of policy responses
TL;DR: The assumption on the possibility of reducing the demand mechanism led the policy to eliminate competitive high-stakes examinations and even prohibit participating in shadow education in South Korea as mentioned in this paper, however, the policy response with this assumption has not been effective.
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Schooling and Its Supplements: Changing Global Patterns and Implications for Comparative Education
TL;DR: The authors examines the nature of changing patterns of schooling and supplementary education around the world, remarking on bidirectional influences between schooling and its supplements, and concluding that the major intensifying forces in supplementary education have been governmental achievements in expansion of schooling, and in reductions of inequalities.
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Micro-neoliberalism in China: Public-Private Interactions at the Confluence of Mainstream and Shadow Education
Wei Zhang,Mark Bray +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a mixed-methods study in Shanghai examines micro-neoliberalism in China's education system, i.e., privatization and marketization at individual, family, and institutional levels, with focus on blurring boundaries between public schooling and private supplementary tutoring.
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Opportunity or new poverty trap: Rural-urban education disparity and internal migration in China
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply logistic regression and survival analysis to illustrate the new education-poverty trap imposed on migrant children by the institutional constraints and hierarchies in children's education, created by the Chinese household registration system in Chinese cities.