Journal ArticleDOI
African Smoking and Pipes
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TLDR
A survey of the major theories about African smoking and pipes is presented in this paper, with a review of the published archaeological literature pertaining to smoking pipes found at various sites from around the continent.Abstract:
This article first explains the importance of the history of smoking pipes for other historical questions, especially in West Africa, where pipe styles are used to date archaeological levels. A survey of the major theories about African smoking and pipes is presented. This is followed by a review of the published archaeological literature pertaining to smoking pipes found at various sites from around the continent. The various controversies surrounding African smoking customs are then looked at in the light of the available evidence. The most likely hypothesis is that cannabis was smoked in water pipes in eastern and southern Africa before the introduction of tobacco. Further research is called for to prove or disprove this hypothesis. Tobacco is shown to have been introduced to West Africa from eastern North America, most likely by the French coming to Senegambia, though possibly by Moroccans coming to Timbuktu.read more
Citations
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The 'race' concept in smoking: A review of the research on African Americans
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The european introduction of crops into west africa in precolonial times
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The Archaeology of Global Encounters Viewed From Banda, Ghana
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References
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The teachings of Don Juan : a Yaqui way of knowledge
TL;DR: Castaneda's "Teachings of Don Juan" remains controversial for the alternative way of seeing that it presents and the revolution in cognition it demands as discussed by the authors. But it is the story of a remarkable journey that has left an indelible impression on the life of more than a million readers around the world.
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Marihuana, the First Twelve Thousand Years
TL;DR: In this paper, the early years of hashish use in the Ancient World are described. But the early days of hashshish are not mentioned. But they do appear in the early 20th century.
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K. V. Zvelebil: Tamil literature . (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abt.: Indien. Zweiter Bd.: Literatur und Bühne. Erster Abschnitt.) xii, 307 pp. Leiden, Köln: E. J. Brill, 1975. Guilders 220.
TL;DR: In this paper, Vaudeville examines the Bijak and Adi granthavali versions of Kabir's sayings and discusses the critical editions of the text.