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Credit risk measurement: Developments over the last 20 years

Edward I. Altman, +1 more
- 01 Dec 1997 - 
- Vol. 21, Iss: 11, pp 1721-1742
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TLDR
In this article, a new approach built around a mortality risk framework to measure the risk and returns on loans and bonds is presented, which offers some promise in analyzing the risk-return structures of portfolios of credit-risk exposed debt instruments.
Abstract
This paper traces developments in the credit risk measurement literature over the last 20 years. The paper is essentially divided into two parts. In the first part the evolution of the literature on the credit-risk measurement of individual loans and portfolios of loans is traced by way of reference to articles appearing in relevant issues of the Journal of Banking and Finance and other publications. In the second part, a new approach built around a mortality risk framework to measuring the risk and returns on loans and bonds is presented. This model is shown to offer some promise in analyzing the risk-return structures of portfolios of credit-risk exposed debt instruments.

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI

The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities

TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical valuation formula for options is derived, based on the assumption that options are correctly priced in the market and it should not be possible to make sure profits by creating portfolios of long and short positions in options and their underlying stocks.
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Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy

TL;DR: In this paper, a set of financial and economic ratios are investigated in a bankruptcy prediction context wherein a multiple discriminant statistical methodology is employed, and the data used in the study are limited to manufacturing corporations, where an initial sample of sixty-six firms is utilized to establish a function which best discriminates between companies in two mutually exclusive groups: bankrupt and nonbankrupt firms.
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Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments

TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined asset classes technology sector stocks will diminish as the construction of the portfolio, and the construction diversification among the, same level of assets, which is right for instance among the assets.
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The Sharpe Ratio

TL;DR: The Sharpe Index as mentioned in this paper is a measure for the performance of mutual funds and proposed the term reward-to-variability ratio to describe it (the measure is also described in Sharpe [1975] ).