Journal ArticleDOI
Diffusion of Major Technological Innovations in U.S. Iron and Steel Manufacturing
TLDR
In this article, the impact of an innovation on an industry and on larger sectors of the economy clearly depend on how rapidly it comes into use, and the initial decisions to be made concern the measures to be used and the level of aggregation to be studied.Abstract:
THE impacts of an innovation on an industry and on larger sectors of the economy clearly depend on how rapidly it comes into use. In appraising such effects, the initial decisions to be made concern the measures to be used and the level of aggregation to be studied. And the choices to be made among the wide range of possible alternatives obviously depend on one's purpose. For example, Lynn's study [i6] of the 'diffusion' of twenty major inniovations was concerned essentially with the growth of new industries rooted in major innovations and hence used the absolute value of outputs and their percentage shares of Gross National Product as measures. In another study [I7, PP. 133 if.], Mansfield was concerned with how rapidly given innovations had spread from enterprise to enterprise in four industries, so he used the percentage of major firms introducing the innovation over a given period as his measure. Neither of these approaches seems to provide a generally applicable basis for assessing the extent to which innovations displace predecessor processes and facilities. Lynn's reliance on total output is clearly inappropriate for established, as differentiated from new, industries.' Mansfield's concern with how many have adopted an innovation clearly ignores the extent of dependence on the innovation, and his concentration on major firms may be open to the possibility of unrepresentativeness-not only because smaller firms may account for significant proportions of output, but also because larger and smaller firms may differ in their responsiveness to innovations [I7, PP. I55 H.]I. The objective of this paper is to assess the rates at which production comes to be dominated by new processes or facilities. Hence, its focus is on tlle industry as a whole and the measure used is the proportion of total output accounted for by the innovation. In particular, the analysis is concentrated on the early rates of diffusion of fourteenread more
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Journal ArticleDOI
International diffusion of technology, industrial development and technological leapfrogging
TL;DR: A review of some of the most important contributions to the technology diffusion literature and their relevance to structural theories of industrial development of economic growth is presented in the first part of the paper as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Multi-mode interaction among technologies
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the interaction between technologies should be viewed in a broader sense than mere competition, and it is suggested that a multi-mode framework provides a much richer setting for assessing the interaction of two or more technologies.
Journal ArticleDOI
The characteristics of energy-efficiency measures – a neglected dimension
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a classification scheme for EEMs in industry which aims to provide a better understanding of their adoption by industrial firms and to assist in selecting and designing energy-efficiency policies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Technological Diffusion in Industry: Research Needs and Shortcomings
TL;DR: A survey of the literature of the past 20-25 years in this area, and a critique of some of its shortcomings can be found in this article. But such research reports have tended to mislead government officials and scholars concerning the depth and accuracy of our understanding of the causes and effects of differences among, and changes in, observed diffusion patterns.
Journal ArticleDOI
Patterns of Interorganizational Communications and the Diffusion of a Major Technological Innovation in a Competitive Industrial Community
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of interorganizational communications and position in informal communication networks on the decision to adopt a major technological innovation are studied based on the sociological and economic factors.
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General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
TL;DR: In this article, a general theory of the rate of interest was proposed, and the subjective and objective factors of the propensity to consume and the multiplier were considered, as well as the psychological and business incentives to invest.