Defende-se neste ensaio o conceito de epistemologia como reflexao transdisciphnar. Das relacoes entre a epistemologia e outras disciplinas, a reflexao hermeneutica e fundamental para a elaboracao de um metodo epistemologico hermeneutico.Esse metodo pode contribuir para a investigacao do metaconhecimento dos textos das tradicoes de pensamento psicologico.

Skinner estabeleceu a cultura como o terceiro nivel de selecao pelas consequencias no qual praticas sao selecionadas de acordo com seu papel na sobrevivencia da cultura. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo e apontar que o conceito de sobrevivencia da cultura pode nao ser suficiente para explicar praticas que nao estabelecem uma relacao direta com a sobrevivencia. O percurso critico foi estabelecido por meio de um dialogo com o materialismo cultural de Marvin Harris. Utilizou-se da analise conceitual dos textos, selecionados pela tematica, dos dois autores. Conclui-se que sobrevivencia da cultura como determinante da selecao de praticas culturais e problematica e de dificil sustentacao. Sugeriu-se que a analise comportamental da cultura poderia avancar com as contribuicoes da antropologia. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4

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Epistemologia, Transdisciplinaridade e Método

Sobrevivência das Culturas em Skinner: Um Diálogo com o Materialismo Cultural de Harris

This article is a theoretical investigation about the notion of an operant response strength, used by B. F. Skinner when he treats the behavior as an object of scientific study. According to the referred author, the notion of strength of a response represents the probability of occurrence of an operant response and consists in a fundamental datum to the behavioral analysis. The descriptions of the operant’s strength and the variables that determine it represent an essential task, under the responsibility of the behavioral analyst. Even so, it is not possible to directly observe the strength of a response, but it is possible to indirectly infer it from observable behavioral events. The strength of the response indicates the possibility of a specific response to occur, among other possible responses available in the same behavioral repertoire. The description of the force is made through an analysis procedure that consists in the identification of a particular form of response and the corresponding relations of probability with its independent variables. Skinner named these probability relations as functional units, which can be also understood as a representation of the kind of functional relation that is established between a class of discriminative stimuli and a class of operant responses. The functional unit is the behavior itself, put under investigation in order to find out its determinant variables, which are capable of modify its strength. The emotional and motivational operations and the reinforcing stimuli define, in addition to the class of discriminative stimuli, the strength of the operant response too. All these independent variables can strengthen or weaken a specific form of response, or, what’s equivalent, increase or decrease the operant strength of the behavior. Therefore, the strength of the operant response is, also, a way to group the variety of different effects that the independent variables have on the probability of occurrence of the type of response on focus. That is the reason why there is an increasing emphasis on the notion of response strength and, specially, on the notion of strengthening and weakening in the Skinner’s paperworks concerning the multiple causality of operant behavior. In this matter, it is standed out the distinction between the different ways in which a variety of independent variables present themselves when affecting the strength of the operant response. At this point, the effects of discriminative stimuli and reinforcing stimuli on the strength of the response are distinguished. It is also illustrated how the type of inference involved in what Skinner called cumulative record brings important implications to his constant search of a interpretative system that combines, simultaneously, theoretical precision and pragmatic effectiveness on the interventions derived from his propositions. Finally, it is shown that the notion of operant response’s strength is fundamental to the characterization of the behavior as a continuous phenomenon, which can be called behavioral stream, putting the behavioral analysis away from an elementarist or associationist psychological perspective.

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Sobre a noção de força da resposta no Behaviorismo Radical de B. F. Skinner

Considerando as tendencias contemporâneas que dinamizam criticas aos novos conhecimentos cientificos (Epistemologia) e as insuficiencias no processo de producao-ensino-utilizacao de novos conhecimentos na area medica, as quais compoem parte significativa da realidade na formacao academica, esta pesquisa elege como tema de investigacao a critica epistemologica da producao de teses na area da Saude Reprodutiva. A revisao de elementos teorico-epistemologicos abrange autores ligados a Filosofia e a Historia da Ciencia, destacando-se os pressupostos da obra de Edgar Morin. Tendo em vista as criticas sobre atuacoes tecnico-profissionais que insistem em reproduzir o modelo de pensamento newtoniano-cartesiano ao lado da consciencia de novas perspectivas transdisciplinares, apresentam-se as seguintes hipoteses: a) a producao academica em cursos de pos-graduacao stricto sensu, na area da Saude Reprodutiva, apresenta niveis insuficientes de discussao epistemologica relacionada as visoes de pessoa, saude, ciencia, etica; b) os processos de producao de novos conhecimentos (pesquisa) e de divulgacao (ensino) mantem a tradicao disciplinar e nao apresentam elementos teorico-metodologicos suficientes que indiquem condicoes favoraveis para se trabalhar, com clareza, sob o enfoque transdisciplinar. Objetivo geral: Analisar o nivel de discussao (critico)epistemologica e aspectos teorico-metodologicos existentes nas teses de programas de pos-graduacao das universidades estaduais paulistas, na area da Saude Reprodutiva (Ginecologia, Obstetricia, Mastologia). Objetivos especificos: a) Verificar a existencia, ou a inexistencia, de discussoes sobre questoes teorico-epistemologicas, bem como o seu nivel de aprofundamento em teses elaboradas por programas de pos-graduacao das universidades estaduais paulistas, com eleicao da producao em Ginecologia, Obstetricia e Mastologia (Saude Reprodutiva). b) Verificar se os padroes de organizacao teorico-metodologicos favorecem discussoes adequadas a pressupostos que reforcam a logica do enfoque disciplinar em detrimento do enfoque transdisciplinar. c) Identificar elementos epistemologicos relativos as visoes de pessoa, saude, ciencia e etica, as quais deverao emergir dos textos analisados. Metodo: A amostra foi composta por quinze teses (cinco/USP - Ribeirao Preto, cinco/UNICAMP - Campinas e cinco/UNESP - Botucatu). A inclusao dos trabalhos se deu a partir do criterio cronologico (as mais atuais defendidas entre os anos de 2004 e 2005), considerando-se o criterio de saturacao dos elementos coletados nas categorias de analise como quesito para a delimitacao final da amostra. Quanto ao tipo metodologico dessas pesquisas, optou-se pela aleatoriedade, ou seja, tanto pesquisas quantitativas como qualitativas puderam ser incluidas. O processo de analise hermeneutica (interpretacao) e feito atraves de repetidas leituras de todo o material selecionado, com atencao a quatro categorias: Visao de Pessoa, Visao de Saude, Visao de Ciencia e Visao de Etica. Conclusoes: a nocao de sujeito fica a margem na maior parte dos textos, e os trabalhos tem preocupacao especifica com o objeto de pesquisa, na categoria visao de pessoa; a visao de saude esta continuamente vinculada a valorizacao da inclusao de tecnicas intervencionistas; a visao de ciencia assume e reproduz protocolos com caracteristicas racionalistas, tecnicistas, biologicistas, as quais denunciam a manutencao da logica do paradigma tradicional; a visao de etica mantem estreito vinculo com as caracteristicas de um modelo de etica materialista. Em geral, os processos de producao de novos conhecimentos (pesquisa) e de divulgacao (ensino) mantem a tradicao disciplinar e nao apresentam elementos teorico-metodologicos suficientes ao enfoque transdisciplinar
Abstract

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Discussão epistemológica da produção científica de programas de pós-graduação na área da saúde reprodutiva

In this essay, it is suggested that the text of the history of psychology is an intertext, and the objective of the method of research of this discipline is the elucidation of this intertext. The historian of psychology deals with texts of psychologists, philosophers and historians of cultures and ideas. He begins by investigating a text of a psychologist, and deepens and widens his analysis with the study of philosophical texts and historical texts which frequently remain silent in the text of the psychologist. Following this method, the historian of psychology narrates the rational reconstructions (the conceptual analogies between the text of the psychologist and the philosophical pre-text) and the revolutions in psychology (by situating the rational reconstructions in their cultural and intellectual contexts) which constitute the memorial of psychology. Kurt Danziger's treatment of Wilhelm Wundt, and Laurence Smith's treatment of Edward C. Tolman are given as examples of our characterization of the history of psychology; and of how intertextual slips and oversights lead to surprising mistakes and simplifications, made by even the best of historians.

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Prólogo à história da psicologia

Concern about cultural issues is a topic of growing interest in Behavior Analysis. One of the authors of this theoretical field, Abib, in “Behavior and sensibility: Life, pleasure and ethics” [Comportamento e sensibilidade: Vida, prazer e etica] presents an analysis of cultural ills under the sensibility focus. The author points out that the evolution of the behavior was accompanied by an evolution of sensitivity and of consequences, but the evolution of sensitivity did not follow the evolution of cultural practices. Abib differentiates two types of sensitivity: vital sensitivity, sensitivity to natural consequences and related to survival, reproduction and preservation of life; and mental sensitivity, sensitivity to reinforcing consequences, pleasure and pain relief, with no survival value. Cultural practices based on mental sensitivity, involving the creation of reinforcements, usually non-contingent, would be at the root of human problems. To solve this, Abib suggests a harmonization of the mental and vital sensitivity, through the education of the sensibility. The author’s interpretation of the relationship between sensitivity and culture is a relevant topic for studies in cultural outlines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to systematize the sensitivity education project, showing its importance for cultural planning. For this, Abib’s book was analyzed through the Text Interpretation Procedure. Auxiliary texts that could contribute to the understanding of concepts and theories presented by Abib were consulted. The theoretical-philosophical bases of Abib’s project were discussed through the analysis of the relationship between behavior, consequences and sensitivity. Stands out the election of organicism as a model of relational explanation and the use of the concept of hedonism as a definition for the concept of reinforcement. Then, the systematization of principles and strategies of the sensitivity education project was carried out. The principles presented emphasize the use of immediate positive reinforcement, related to behaviors that have survival value for cultures or that are not harmful to it, and the abandonment of the use of punishment. The strategies presented are sentiment education, ethics education, education for freedom and the formation of self-control and the creative individual. Some potentialities and limits of this project are discussed. As a potentiality, the recovery of the study of sensitivity in the explanation of human behavior and problems and, as limits, the defense of abandonment of punishment, stand out. It is concluded that the Abib project advances by focusing on the evolution of sensitivity and placing sensitivity education as the central object of a human development project and as a new objective for cultural interventions.

Epistemologia, Transdisciplinaridade e Método

Citations

Sobrevivência das Culturas em Skinner: Um Diálogo com o Materialismo Cultural de Harris

Sobre a noção de força da resposta no Behaviorismo Radical de B. F. Skinner

Discussão epistemológica da produção científica de programas de pós-graduação na área da saúde reprodutiva

Prólogo à história da psicologia

Contribuições do projeto de educação da sensibilidade de Abib ao planejamento cultural