First Report of Colletotrichum aeschynomenes and C. tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Myrciaria dubia in Brazil

TLDR: This research highlights the need to understand more fully the role of language in the domestication of animals and the role that language plays in the development of addiction.

Abstract: Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia [Kunth] McVaugh) is a native fruit tree of Amazon region that produces fruit with high content of vitamin C. The enormous economic potential has encouraged its domestication process in the northern region of Brazil. Since 2016, brown, necrotic, anthracnose-like lesions were observed on 30 to 40% of the camu-camu plants in an experimental field located in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil (2°52′20.7″ N; 60°42′44.2″ W). Small pieces of tissue taken from the lesions were surface disinfested previously (1 min in 70% alcohol, 1 min in 1% NaOCl, and rinsed with sterile water). Leaf sections were plated on water agar medium, incubated at 25°C for 4 days, and afterward were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After 7 days on PDA at 25°C, the isolate CA3B formed a grayish-white colony. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, subcylindrical with rounded ends, measuring (n = 20) 12.1 to 15.9 × 4.9 to 7.0 μm. Appressoria were brown, subglobose, clavate, measuring 7.4 to 16.7 × 4.6 to 9.9 μm. The isolate COL02 formed light gray colonies. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical, tapering slightly near both ends, measuring (n = 20) 12.3 to 16.1 × 4.7 to 6.5 μm. Appressoria were brown, mostly elliptic to subfusoid, deeply lobed, measuring 8.7 to 15.9 × 5.8 to 9.9 μm. Single-spore cultures were deposited in the Microorganisms Culture Collection of EMBRAPA Roraima, Roraima, Brazil. Total DNA was extracted, and fragments of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin 2 (TUB2), glutamine synthetase (GS), and manganese-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) genes were amplified (Weir et al. 2012) and sequenced. The obtained sequences showed 94 to 100% identity with sequences published in GenBank of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, with a predominance of C. tropicale, C. aeschynomenes, and C. siamense. Sequences from the two isolates were deposited in GenBank (accession nos.: GAPDH, MK792453, MK792457; GS, MK792454, MK792458; SOD2, MK792455, MK792459; and TUB2, MK792456, MK792460). Phylogenetic Bayesian inference analysis based in a combined data set (concatenated sequences of GAPDH, TUB2, GS, and SOD2) showed that the isolate CA3B clustered with the ex-holotype specimen of C. tropicale (CBS 124949), and the isolate COL02 clustered with the ex-type specimen of C. aeschynomenes (ICMP 17673) with high support (posterior probability = 1). To confirm the pathogenicity, five seedlings of the camu-camu were sprayed with 10⁶ conidia/ml spore suspension for each isolate. Five seedlings were sprayed with sterile water as a negative control. All seedlings were covered with plastic bags 24 h after inoculation and kept at 27°C in a greenhouse with a 12-h photoperiod. After 7 days, depressed and necrotic lesions were observed in the inoculated leaves. In the third treatment, both isolates were coinoculated. Negative control plants showed no symptoms. To fulfill Koch’s postulates, both species were successfully reisolated from the inoculated and coinoculated leaves by cultural morphology. In Brazil, C. tropicale causes anthracnose on different hosts, such as mango and soursop (Costa et al. 2019; Lima et al. 2013). C. aeschynomenes was associated with Aeschynomene virginica in the United States (Weir et al. 2012), cassava in Thailand (Sangpueak et al. 2018), and cacao in Brazil (Nascimento et al. 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. aeschynomenes and C. tropicale causing anthracnose on M. dubia worldwide.