Integration of charging station to the smart grid power network by using robust immune feedback adaptive and Rao optimization approaches

TLDR: In this article , the authors presented the mix (AC-DC) charging station (CS) integrated with the PV array and the smart distribution grid, where the control strategy used for the CS is the immune feedback-based adaptive (IFA) control technique.

Abstract: The adoption of electrical vehicles (EVs) is nowadays a center of attraction, which reduces the carbon footprint and adds to the economic growth of a country. However, providing a proper charging facility to the customers is still a challenging task. This paper presents the mix (AC-DC) charging station (CS) integrated with the PV array and the smart distribution grid. The acceleration of the EV causes the power quality burden on the grid and this can be taken care of by using advanced adaptive controls. In this paper, the control strategy used for the CS is the immune feedback-based adaptive (IFA) control technique. It reduces the ripples in the fundamental load current extraction under steady-state and produces fast response under dynamic conditions and helps to synchronize CS with the grid. The multi-functional capabilities of the CS are presented with different voltage levels DC fast off-board chargers and AC onboard slow chargers. Moreover, the Rao optimization technique is utilized to select the gains for the cascaded proportional-integral (PI) controllers which are used to regulate the DC bus voltage and battery charging/discharging currents. The optimized fitness values of integral time square error (ITSE) by using Rao1, Rao2, and Rao3 techniques are 297.341, 285.023, and 282.924 respectively. The simulated and test results depict the efficacy of the CS. Moreover, the mixed charging facilities with multi DC fast chargers avoid the rush and burden on the grid, which reduces the power outage across the load and rapidly rising energy cost.