In the present era of smart technologies, the power sector has highly benefited as monitoring, supervision, and control have moved toward the intelligent power delivery. High-quality power estimation, self-healing, and machine-to-machine communication-based approaches have been appreciated to achieve more reliable and secured smart grids (SG). Renewable energy sources (RES), mainly solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are intermittent in nature and wisely utilized in power generation either as stand-alone or grid connected. Energy sector is focused on RES to reduce carbon footprint and affordable energy to all. Prediction, decision-making, and fast healing for recovery after faults in system, are prime objectives for fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of RES. Classical PV fault diagnosis schemes are available, which basically follow the general process of detection, feature extraction, and classification of fault data. Enormous data has to be handled by the processors either offline or online. In this chapter, fault detection schemes for handling preprocessing of raw data from various sensors through wire or wireless-based time domain or frequency domain methods like Fourier transform, Wavelet transform along with novel approaches based on the internet of things (IoT) have been rigorously reviewed. Traditional as well as advanced artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and emerging approaches for PV fault classification and mitigation have been discussed thoroughly. Along with comprehensive and critical literature review, a smart PV fault classification scheme is proposed for the enhancement of the performance of solar PV systems. 

Advanced Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring Schemes for Solar PV Systems

A variable step size logarithmic hyperbolic cosine adaptive filtering (VSS-LHCAF)-based control scheme is proposed for a grid-tied multifunctional photovoltaic-distribution static compensator (GTPVD) having single-stage topology for solar energy conversion with maximum power extraction from the PV array. The proposed VSS-LHCAF control scheme is utilized to estimate the fundamental weight components of nonlinear load current accurately in generating the driving pulses for the three-phase two-level voltage source converter (VSC) switches employed in GTPVD, thus enhancing the power quality by mitigating the harmonics produced by nonlinear loads, providing a reactive power compensation, unbalanced load compensation, and maintaining grid currents sinusoidal at unity power factor (UPF). The multifunctional GTPVD system is developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The response of GTPVD is observed under solar irradiance variation and unbalanced loading conditions with a nonlinear load. Further, the proposed control scheme is compared with existing adaptive filtering-based algorithms like least mean square (LMS) and least mean fourth (LMF)-based control schemes, and it is observed that proposed control scheme offers better performance in terms of convergence, oscillations, steady-state error, and grid current total harmonic distortion (THD). 

A Variable Step Size Logarithmic Hyperbolic Cosine Adaptive Filtering-Based Control Scheme for Grid-Tied PV-DSTATCOM to Enhance Power Quality

A smart control for self-reliant single-phase, grid-tied photovoltaic-battery storage system

Renewable energy resources like sun, wind, biomass, geothermal, etc., are abundant in nature, toxic-free, and eco-friendly. Those are sufficient to meet the energy demands which are required by the consumers. Solar photovoltaic energy is one of the clean renewable energies among others. A solar photovoltaic system is gaining popularity as compared to other non-conventional sources because of the sufficient solar irradiation received by the earth. Moreover, the costs of PV modules have been declining. PV system has been included with PV panels, batteries, or any other storage devices as well as power electronic converters. Power electronic converter systems are the only choice to fulfill the requirements in the power system. Therefore, this work aims to discuss the power electronic converter technologies that can be used as interfaces and discuss their merits and demerits. Power electronic converter technologies are used to convert the one form of energy to other energy or vary the energy range as per the load requirement

The Role of Power Electronics in the Field of Photovoltaic System: A Study

This paper present a three-phase grid-tied (GT) charging station (CS) based on photovoltaic (PV) arrays. The purpose of the proposed CS is to support the distribution grid under heavy electric vehicles (EVs) loads with improved power quality. The variable step size improved multiband adaptive structured filter (VSS-IMSAF) technique is used to control voltage source converter (VSC). Due to the variable step size, the control regulates the grid currents and subjects to the proper step size selection to improve the performance of CS. Moreover, the charge/discharge operations of the electric vehicle battery (EVB) are also incorporated. For regulation of the DC bus voltage, second-order sliding mode cascaded control (SOSMCC) is used, which also controls the charge/discharge operations. The SOSMCC is equipped with the linear observer (LINO), second-order sliding mode observer (SOSMO), linear extended state observer (LESO), and nonlinear extended state observer (NESO), which reduce the overshoot, undershoot, and uncertainties in the voltage at DC link and EV battery current quickly and accurately. This charging station is also capable to operate under load unbalancing, unavailability and reduced insolation, and sudden change of the mode of operation (charging/discharging). The presented controls improve the performance of the CS and feed the reduced harmonic current to the grid under nonlinear load. The test results are presented using the OPAL-RT real-time simulator under various scenarios. 

PV Charging Station with VSS-IMSAF and SOSMCC Disturbance Observer Based Controls to Enhance the Distribution Grid Capability

This article presents multimode features of a single-phase photovoltaic (PV) system controlled through a combined improved proportionate-normalized least mean square with modified filtered-X (CIPNLMS-MFX) technique. This system waves off from using the battery storage and successfully operated in standalone mode to achieve the load demand even under the grid outage. The CIPNLMS-MFX based current control technique includes asymmetry parameters and the optimized selection of these parameters provides fast convergence speed, good steady-state response, and improved power quality at nonlinear loads. This PV system is also supported with the synchronization and mode transfer control so that the PV system has autonomous operation under outage and recovery of the grid without disturbing the supply across the domestic loads. A fast detection of a dual cascaded generalized integrator synchronization/islanding structure is presented to evaluate fundamental grid voltage, phase angles, and change in frequency. This structure is robust against the abnormal conditions at the utility grid. The experimental results show that presented CIPNLMS-MFX, DCGI, and finite state machine based logic for islanding/synchronization techniques achieve considerably good performance under various operating scenarios, e.g., outage/ restoration of grid power, varying nonlinear loads, and outage of solar power.

Multimode Features of CIPNLMS-MFX Controlled Single-Phase PV System With Finite State Machine Based Islanding/Synchronization Under Grid Outage

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40031-021-00689-0.pdf

Grid Interactive Charging Station using ZAJO-NLMS Adaptive Filtering Technique with Improved Power Quality for EV Applications

ABSTRACT Here, a photovoltaic (PV)-based multi-spots electric vehicles (EVs) charging station (CS) is presented by using maximum correntropy criteria with affine projection sub-band adaptive filter (MCC-APSAF). The presented CS also includes the features of power quality at nonlinear loads connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). This CS comprises a battery bank, multi-EV batteries, and ultra-capacitor (UC) charging spots. However, a dramatic increase of EVs and charging stations in the existing grid has raised the issues related to the harmonics, voltage fluctuations, reactive power, and burden on the grid. These issues are addressed in the presented charging station. Moreover, the ultra-capacitor can provide fast charging, which minimizes the high inrush current of the CS. Therefore, the batteries during the high EVs load at the CS are protected by the ultra-capacitor spots. To stabilize the DC bus voltage, separate cascaded controllers for ultra-capacitor and battery spots are used. The CS shows the multifunctional capabilities, which include PV array to grid (PV2G), PV array to the EV battery (S2EVB), EV battery to grid (EVB2G), and PV array to home (PV2H) when PV source is present. The various EVB2G, G2EVB, battery to home (EVB2H), and grid to home (G2H) behaviors are also presented. This CS shows good dynamic efficacy under insolation variation, EVB2G, G2EVB modes, load throw, and load reconnection operations. The grid current THD using the proposed current control is 1.44%, which is in accordance with the IEEE-519 standard. Moreover, the maximum power obtained from the PV generation is 63 kW, which is successfully distributed in the battery bank and six EV batteries (30 kW), in nonlinear load (14 kW), and the rest of the power is injected to the grid (29 kW). This CS is simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink library and test results are obtained using the experimental workbench with OPAL-RT (OP5600) in the laboratory.

Renewable energy based charging station with power quality features for multi EV spots using maximum correntropy sub-band adaptive technique

This paper proposes the solar photovoltaic (PV) array‐based three‐phase modern grid integrated multi‐voltage and multi electric vehicles (EVs) spots‐based charging station (CS). It provides the charging spot of the EVs as per the required voltage level of the EVs battery. The presented CS is multifunctional. Besides, the EV charging capability, it also mitigates the power quality issues due to EVs and nonlinear loads tied at the point of common coupling (PCC). The voltage source converter (VSC) control is developed using the gradient adaptive variable step least mean square (GAVS‐LMS) based technique. The presented control extracts the fundamental weight of load current to improve the operation of grid integrated charging stations and the power quality issues. The DC bus voltage is stabilized through the bidirectional converter using the cascaded proportional‐integral (PI) control under heavy multi‐voltage EV loads. As the charging station is subjected to heavy multi‐voltage EV loads, which causes the unstable operation of the CS. Therefore, the small‐signal modeling and stability analysis is also carried out in charging/discharging modes. The vehicle to the grid (V2G) and grid to vehicle (G2V) mode transfer are also carried out. These operations are also shown with and without the availability of solar PV generation. The efficacy of the presented CS and its controllers are tested with simulated as well as Opal‐RT workbench based experimental results.

Integration of multi voltages, multi electric vehicle spots based three phase photovoltaic array charging station to the modern distribution grid with improved electric vehicle charging capability and power quality

As significant changes are taking place in the environment and demand for energy is increasing day by day hence there is need to bend towards the exemplary and environment-friendly renewable sources of energy. Solar energy is one of them which is clean and commercially available. This paper presents the solar photovoltaic technology in conjunction with MPPT technique to enhance the tracking ability. The use of MPPT technique is to proclaim the research objective with the help of modified P&O in varying insolation. This paper presents a modification in perturb and observe method and how to design the boost converter parameters for MPPT power electronic interface, impedance matching is done by the boost converter, which is switched by the duty cycle controlled by modified P&O technique. Hence it minimizes the oscillations near MPP under uniform and varying irradiance conditions and simulation is done using MATLAB platform. Results validates the superiority of modified P&O technique over conventional P&O.

Dulichand Jaraniya

Papers

Multimode Features of CIPNLMS-MFX Controlled Single-Phase PV System With Finite State Machine Based Islanding/Synchronization Under Grid Outage

Grid Interactive Charging Station using ZAJO-NLMS Adaptive Filtering Technique with Improved Power Quality for EV Applications

Renewable energy based charging station with power quality features for multi EV spots using maximum correntropy sub-band adaptive technique

Integration of multi voltages, multi electric vehicle spots based three phase photovoltaic array charging station to the modern distribution grid with improved electric vehicle charging capability and power quality

Design and Simulation of Power Electronics Interface for Modified P & O Maximum Power Point Tracking Under Suddenly Varying Irradiance