Journal ArticleDOI
Intersecting Epidemics -- Crack Cocaine Use and HIV Infection among Inner-City Young Adults
Brian R. Edlin,Kathleen L. Irwin,Sairus Faruque,Clyde B. McCoy,Carl O. Word,Yolanda Serrano,James A. Inciardi,Benjamin P. Bowser,Robert F. Schilling,Scott D. Holmberg +9 more
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TLDR
In poor, inner-city communities young smokers of crack cocaine, particularly women who have sex in exchange for money or drugs, are at high risk for HIV infection.Abstract:
Background and Methods The smoking of “crack” cocaine is thought to be associated with high-risk sexual practices that accelerate the spread of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied 2323 young adults, 18 to 29 years of age, who smoked crack regularly or who had never smoked crack. The study participants, recruited from the streets of inner-city neighborhoods in New York, Miami, and San Francisco, were interviewed and tested for HIV. This report presents the findings for the 1967 participants (85 percent) who had never injected drugs. Results Of the 1137 crack smokers, 15.7 percent were positive for HIV antibody, as compared with 5.2 percent of the 830 nonsmokers (prevalence ratio adjusted for the city, 2.4; 99 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 3.6). The prevalence of HIV was highest among the crack-smoking women in New York (29.6 percent) and Miami (23.0 percent). In these two cities, of the 283 women who had sex in exchange for money or drugs, 30.4 percent were infected with...read more
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The social organization of sexuality
TL;DR: One prominent finding of the survey was that approximately 80% of adults reported no or one sexual partner in the year before the interview, and approximately 3% of men and 2% of women reported any homosexual or bisexual activity during the same period.
Journal ArticleDOI
Social Context, Sexual Networks, and Racial Disparities in Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infections
TL;DR: The role of social context in heterosexual networks that facilitate the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly in relation to persistent racial disparities in rates of STIs in the United States is examined.
Journal ArticleDOI
The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas
TL;DR: Relatively high prevalences of HIV in at-risk heterosexual persons in several cities indicate the potential for an increase in transmission among them, and the size and direction of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic in US metropolitan statistical areas with populations greater than 500,000 is estimated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection
Sally Zierler,Nancy Krieger +1 more
TL;DR: Evidence linking inequalities of class, race/ethnicity, gender, and sexuality, as well as strategies of resistance to these inequalities, to the distribution of HIV among women are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Intensive injection cocaine use as the primary risk factor in the Vancouver HIV-1 epidemic.
Mark W. Tyndall,Sue L. Currie,Patricia M. Spittal,Kathy Li,Evan Wood,Michael V. O'Shaughnessy,Martin T. Schechter +6 more
TL;DR: Injection cocaine use was a strong, dose-dependent predictor of HIV seroconversion in this poly-drug using population, and participants who averaged more than three injections per day were seven times more likely to contract HIV.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Epidemiological synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.
TL;DR: Preliminary data from 83 reports on the impact of HIV infection on STDs suggest that, at a community level, HIV infection may increase the prevalence of some STDs (e.g., genital ulcerative and nonulcerative STDs), and if the same STDs facilitate transmission of HIV, these infections may greatly amplify one another.
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HIV risk-related sex behaviors among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack.
TL;DR: These findings, together with the higher rates of gonorrhea and syphilis reported by smokers and injectors/smokers, are indicators of the risk crack poses for the heterosexual transmission of HIV.
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Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 associated with the use of smokable freebase cocaine (crack).
Mary Ann Chiasson,Rand L. Stoneburner,Deborah S. Hildebrandt,William E. Ewing,Edward E. Telzak,Harold W. Jaffe +5 more
TL;DR: In areas where the level of HIV-1 infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users is high and the use of crack is common, increased sexual activity (including the exchange of drugs or money for sex) may result in increased heterosexual transmission of HIV -1.
Journal ArticleDOI
Risk factors for syphilis: cocaine use and prostitution.
TL;DR: It is suggested that sexual behavior or another factor, such as availability or utilization of health care, among cocaine users leads to increased risk of syphilis in this population of heterosexuals, and increases in cocaine use may be partly responsible for recent increases in syphilis incidence.