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Macular Holes: Main Clinical Presentations, Diagnosis, and Therapies

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TLDR
This narrative review has the purpose to investigate the available evidence in literature to give a summary of the knowledge about these retinal pathologies.
Abstract
Macular holes are a spectrum of retinal diseases that comprehends full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs), refractory/recurrent macular holes, lamellar macular holes (LMHs), myopic macular holes (MMHs), traumatic macular holes, and macular holes secondary to other retinal pathologies or injuries. There are various classifications of the subtypes of macular hole, and only in recent times researchers defined a common nomenclature, especially thanks to the evolution in retinal imaging, offered by new instruments like the swept-source OCT. The proposed therapies for macular holes are different and range from a “wait-and-see” approach to the vitrectomy, with different results in each subtype of macular hole. This narrative review has the purpose to investigate the available evidence in literature to give a summary of the knowledge about these retinal pathologies.

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The effect of retinal perfusion on the bioelectric activity of the retina in full-thickness macular holes

TL;DR: In this paper , the relationship between vascular perfusion in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP) and the bioelectrical activity of the retina in full-thickness macular hole was studied.
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Macular hole recovery surgery using autologous platelet rich plasma

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors evaluated the long-term outcomes of highly concentrated autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) used as an adjunct inmacular hole surgery.
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Trends and Hotspots Concerning Macular Hole between 2002 and 2021: A 20-Year Bibliometric Study

TL;DR: In this paper , a bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) was performed to reveal the trends and hotspots about Macular Hole (MH) research.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Idiopathic senile macular hole. Its early stages and pathogenesis.

TL;DR: Evidence is presented that idiopathic senile macular hole is caused by focal shrinkage of the vitreous cortex in the foveal area and the clinical value of surgical peeling in eyes with stage 1 changes as a means of preventing hole formation is tested.
Journal ArticleDOI

The International Vitreomacular Traction Study Group classification of vitreomacular adhesion, traction, and macular hole.

TL;DR: This classification system will support systematic diagnosis and management by creating a clinically applicable system that is predictive of therapeutic outcomes and is useful for the execution and analysis of clinical studies.
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Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Technique for Large Macular Holes

TL;DR: The inverted ILM flap technique prevents the postoperative flat-open appearance of a macular hole and improves both the functional and anatomic outcomes of vitrectomy for macular holes with a diameter greater than 400 μm.
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Optical coherence tomography findings in myopic traction maculopathy.

TL;DR: Epiretinal traction is a frequent finding in degenerative myopia and, particularly if associated with the presence of staphyloma, can generate a form of macular damage unique to eyes with high myopia that should be considered as a separate cause of visual loss easily detected by optical coherence tomography at its early stages.
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Müller Cell Cone, an Overlooked Part of the Anatomy of the Fovea Centralis: Hypotheses Concerning Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Macular Hole and Foveomacular Retinoschisis

TL;DR: Poorly recognized by anatomists and pathologists is the cone-shaped zone of Müller cells that composes the central and inner part of the fovea centralis.
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What is a macular hole?

A macular hole is a foveal defect that affects all retinal layers, from the internal limiting membrane (ILM) to the photoreceptor layer. It can cause severe vision impairment.