Normal and toxic zinc concentrations in serum/plasma and liver of psittacines with respect to genus differences.
TLDR
Analysis of cases suggests that potentially toxic zinc concentrations in livers of psittacines can be well below the range considered toxic in chickens (>200 ppm), and important differences occur with respect to genera.Abstract:
Determination of zinc concentration in serum/plasma and tissue of caged and aviary birds is commonly requested by practitioners because of an increased awareness of zinc toxicity. However, interpretation of zinc levels is often based on normal zinc concentrations established for poultry. Also, it is likely that intergenus differences exist in normal zinc concentrations of pet birds. In an attempt to determine normal and toxic concentration ranges, zinc concentrations in liver (n = 276) and serum/plasma (n = 260) collected from psittacines between 1990 and 1998 were analyzed. Zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy analysis. The results were categorized by genus and, when available, by history. Birds that were diagnosed with zinc toxicosis (on the basis of history, clinical examination, pathology, and laboratory findings) were exempt and not included in establishing normal ranges. The results indicate that important differences occur with respect to genera. For example, cockatoos and Eclectus parrots have higher normal zinc concentrations in serum or plasma than other psittacines. In addition, analysis of all the submitted cases suggests that potentially toxic zinc concentrations in livers of psittacines can be well below the range considered toxic in chickens (> 200 ppm).read more
Citations
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Patterns of mortality in free-ranging California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus).
Bruce A. Rideout,Ilse I Stalis,Rebecca R Papendick,Allan A Pessier,Birgit Puschner,Myra E. Finkelstein,Donald R. Smith,Matthew Johnson,Michael Mace,Richard R Stroud,Joseph Brandt,Joe Burnett,Chris C Parish,Jim J Petterson,Carmel C Witte,Cynthia C Stringfield,Kathy Orr,Jeff J Zuba,Mike M Wallace,Jesse Grantham +19 more
TL;DR: The mortality factors thought to be important in the decline of the historic California Condor population, particularly lead poisoning, remain the most important documented mortality factors today.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of Psittacine Blood Analysis and Comparative Retrospective Study of Clinical Diagnosis, Hematology and Blood Chemistry in Selected Psittacine Species
TL;DR: This work critically analyzes 150 different hematologic and biochemical profiles obtained over 5 years from 150 psittacine birds belonging to 29 different species, brought to the authors' clinic and/or examined in other locations, with confirmed or strongly suspected diseases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Waterfowl toxicology: a review
TL;DR: Important waterfowl toxins, including heavy metals, pesticides, botulism, mycotoxins, algal toxins, and petroleum oil are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hematologic and biochemical reference ranges for captive California condors (Gymnogyps californianus).
TL;DR: A retrospective study of blood samples from captive California condors housed at the San Diego Wild Animal Park assessed the samples by sex and age of condor to determine serum biochemical and hematologic reference ranges, including lead and zinc levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Placebo-controlled clomipramine trial for the treatment of feather picking disorder in cockatoos.
TL;DR: Treatment with clomipramine significantly improved feather picking when compared to a placebo at 3 weeks and at 6 weeks, and had no significant effect, however, on videotaped preening behaviors.
References
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Book
Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition
TL;DR: This book discusses the history of zinc, its application in agriculture, and its applications in the management of soil-Plant-Animal relations.
Mercury Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review
TL;DR: A review of the available literature on the ecological and toxicological aspects of mercury (Hg) in the environment, with special reference to fish and wildlife resources, is reviewed and summarized in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plasma-zinc in health and disease
JamesA. Halsted,J.Cecil Smith +1 more
TL;DR: Plasma-zinc levels were measured by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry in healthy adults and children, in patients with a variety of diseases, in pregnancy, and in women taking oral contraceptives with no significant variation attributable to sex, food consumption, or diurnal variation.