One Subjunctive or Two

TLDR: For instance, this paper argued that Spanish has a formal contrast in its verb system between two modes, indicative and subjunctive, and that traditional grammar was guilty of "overemphasis on surface structures and little regard to deep structures" in its failure to perceive the essential difference between them.

Abstract: tongues, Spanish has a formal contrast in its verb system between two modes, indicative and subjunctive. Though the forms vary, they are in such a tight paradigmatic relationship to each other that there can be no question of the internal unity of either mode: tenga is the same, in this respect, as alce, and sali the same as tuve. Given a clear-cut formal opposition, one expects to find-and traditional grammar 'thought it had found-a clear-cut semantic opposition as well. The indicative was the mode of reality, of reporting; the subjunctive was the mode of the inner light, of such things as desiring and approving or rejecting. Against -the traditional view of one subjunctive, Anthony Lozano' has advanced the theory that there are two, d:stinguished by the features [+optative] and [+dubitative]. Traditional grammar was guilty of "overemphasis on surface structures" and "little regard to deep structures" in its failure to perceive the essential difference between them.