Quantum Teleportation is the key communication functionality of the Quantum Internet, allowing the “transmission” of qubits without the physical transfer of the particle storing the qubit. Quantum teleportation is facilitated by the action of quantum entanglement, a somewhat counter-intuitive physical phenomenon with no direct counterpart in the classical word. As a consequence, the very concept of the classical communication system model has to be redesigned to account for the peculiarities of quantum teleportation. This re-design is a crucial prerequisite for constructing any effective quantum communication protocol. The aim of this manuscript is to shed light on this key concept, with the objective of allowing the reader: i) to appreciate the fundamental differences between the transmission of classical information versus the teleportation of quantum information; ii) to understand the communications functionalities underlying quantum teleportation, and to grasp the challenges in the design and practical employment of these functionalities; iii) to acknowledge that quantum information is subject to the deleterious effects of a noise process termed as quantum decoherence. This imperfection has no direct counterpart in the classical world; iv) to recognize how to contribute to the design and employment of the Quantum Internet.

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Quantum Error Correction: Introduction to decoherence and noise in open quantum systems

When Entanglement Meets Classical Communications: Quantum Teleportation for the Quantum Internet

NISQ (Noisy, Intermediate-Scale Quantum) computing requires error mitigation to achieve meaningful computation. Our compilation tool development focuses on the fact that the error rates of individual qubits are not equal, with a goal of maximizing the success probability of real-world subroutines such as an adder circuit. We begin by establishing a metric for choosing among possible paths and circuit alternatives for executing gates between variables placed far apart within the processor, and test our approach on two IBM 20-qubit systems named Tokyo and Poughkeepsie. We find that a single-number metric describing the fidelity of individual gates is a useful but imperfect guide. Our compiler uses this subsystem and maps complete circuits onto the machine using a beam search-based heuristic that will scale as processor and program sizes grow. To evaluate the whole compilation process, we compiled and executed adder circuits, then calculated the KL-divergence (a measure of the distance between two probability distributions). For a circuit within the capabilities of the hardware, our compilation increases estimated success probability and reduces KL-divergence relative to an error-oblivious placement.

Extracting Success from IBM's 20-Qubit Machines Using Error-Aware Compilation.

We examine the robustness of composite pulses to non-static classic noise in the NMR facility. Though these pulses are proposed to eliminate static, systematic errors, they are shown to be robust to time-varying noise with high-cut frequency up to near 10% of the Rabi frequency in a recent theoretical work. The CP pulses that are only robust to one kind of error have been implemented in various experiment platforms. In this paper we have compared the performance of reduced CinSK π pulse, which is designed to cancel both the pulse length error and the off resonance error, to that of the primitive π pulse in a hybrid error environment. In order to achieve this target we have simultaneously injected noise to the RF output wave. The filter function formalism is employed to predict the evolution fidelity decay, which shows great consistency with the experiment data. Our work not only validates the superiority of reduced CinSK pulse but also indicates its sensitivity to the initial states, providing practical guidance in the noise suppression domain.

Quantum Error Correction: Introduction to decoherence and noise in open quantum systems

Citations

When Entanglement Meets Classical Communications: Quantum Teleportation for the Quantum Internet

Extracting Success from IBM's 20-Qubit Machines Using Error-Aware Compilation.

Experimental demonstration of concatenated composite pulses robustness to non-static errors

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