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Reducing the use of custody as a sanction: a review of recent international experiences
TLDR
In the 1990s, the United Nations Standard Rules for Non-Custodial Measures 1 (the so-called Tokyo Rules) were adopted, the principal goal of which was to reduce the traditional reliance on imprisonment as a legal punishment as mentioned in this paper.Abstract:
How might a legislature reduce the use of custody as a sanction? Constraining rising – or reducing stable – prison populations remains a challenge confronting most western nations. It is now fully twenty years since the United Nations Standard Rules for Non-Custodial Measures 1 (the so-called “Tokyo Rules”) were adopted, the principal goal of which was to reduce the traditional reliance on imprisonment as a legal punishment. Throughout the 1990s, however, prison populations rose in many common law jurisdictions, particularly England and Wales and the United States. 2read more
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The past as prologue? Decarceration in California then and now
TL;DR: In the early 1970s, California Governor Ronald Reagan's second year in office, the imprisonment rate in the state's institutions was 146 per 100,000 residents as mentioned in this paper, a decrease of 34% and the lowest level of imprisonment since at least 1950.
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Unknown, Unloved? Public Opinion on and Knowledge of Suspended Sentences in the Netherlands
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined public opinion about and knowledge of suspended sentences in the Netherlands and found that knowledge about suspended sentences is positively related to their perceived punitiveness and beliefs in their effectiveness.
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Stemming the Tide of Aboriginal Incarceration
Miriam Kelly,Hilde Tubex +1 more
TL;DR: This paper explored theoretical debates surrounding penality as a way to inform alternative crime control strategies to imprisonment and argued that any strategy to reduce Aboriginal imprisonment rates could benefit from a perspective that views Aboriginal imprisonment as a manifestation of Aboriginal resistance to settler colonial dominance.