Sanitation for Unserved Populations: Technologies, Implementation Challenges, and Opportunities
Kara L. Nelson,Ashley Murray +1 more
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TLDR
In this paper, a review of existing sanitation technologies is presented, from simple latrines to advanced wastewater treatment, with specific attention to characteristics that affect long-term performance, including user preferences and demand, costs and financing, and institutional capacity.Abstract:
The global population without complete sanitation services is enormous; it includes those without access to basic, household-level sanitation (2.6 billion) as well as those without adequate collection, treatment, and disposal or reuse of their waste. The main goals of a complete sanitation system are to protect human health and the environment and to recover valuable resources from waste (e.g., water, nutrients, energy). The needs of households and the larger community vary dramatically among the unserved population, as do the financial and institutional resources available to provide sanitation services. Thus, a wide range of technologies is needed that can be adapted to each particular situation. In this chapter, existing sanitation technologies are reviewed, from simple latrines to advanced wastewater treatment, with specific attention to characteristics that affect long-term performance. In addition, the context in which sanitation projects are implemented is discussed, including user preferences and demand, costs and financing, and institutional capacity.read more
Citations
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Global Water Pollution and Human Health
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To centralise or to decentralise: an overview of the most recent trends in wastewater treatment management.
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Source separation: will we see a paradigm shift in wastewater handling?
TL;DR: The example of urine reveals the large potential of source separation technologies for sustainable and resource efficient future urban wastewater management.
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Organic pollution of rivers: Combined threats of urbanization, livestock farming and global climate change.
TL;DR: The global sanitation crisis is quantified here for the first time through its impact on organic river pollution from the threats of increasing wastewater discharge due to urbanization and intensification of livestock farming, and reductions in river dilution capacity due to climate change and water extractions.
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Sanitation: A Global Estimate of Sewerage Connections without Treatment and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress
TL;DR: Redefining sewerage-without-treatment as "unimproved sanitation" in MDG monitoring would raise the 1990 baseline population using unimproved sanitation from 53% to 64% and the corresponding 2015 target from 27% to 32%.
References
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The Millennium Development Goals Report
TL;DR: Ban et al. as discussed by the authors stated that the global community cannot turn its back on the poor and the vulnerable, and that the goals are within reach, and even in the very poor countries, with strong political commitment and sufficient and sustained funding.
Book
Wastewater Engineering Treatment Disposal Reuse
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Journal ArticleDOI
Water sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lorna Fewtrell,Rachel B. Kaufmann,David Kay,Wayne T. A. Enanoria,Laurence Haller,John M. Colford,John M. Colford +6 more
TL;DR: Water quality interventions (point-of-use water treatment) were found to be more effective than previously thought, and multiple interventions (consisting of combined water, sanitation, and hygiene measures) were not moreeffective than interventions with a single focus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Community Based (and Driven) Development: A Critical Review
Ghazala Mansuri,Vijayendra Rao +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the conceptual and empirical foundations of community-based and driven development (CBD) initiatives are reviewed, and the authors find that projects that rely on community participation have not been particularly effective at targeting the poor.
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Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
D. Fytili,Anastasia Zabaniotou +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.