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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

The criterion problem in the evaluation of instruction: assessing possible, not just intended outcomes1

Samuel Messick
- 01 Dec 1969 - 
- Vol. 1969, Iss: 2
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TLDR
The authors discusses cognitive styles and affective reactions as two major classes of criterion variables that should be taken into account in the evaluation of instruction, and emphasize the relevance of these variables to questions about the diversity of human performance and the role of values in educational research.
Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive styles and affective reactions as two major classes of criterion variables that should be taken into account in the evaluation of instruction. These variables are emphasized because of their bearing upon questions that stem from particular views about the diversity of human performance and the role of values in educational research.

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Comparative Studies of Psychotherapies: Is It True That Everyone Has Won and All Must Have Prizes?

TL;DR: The research does not justify the conclusion that patients should randomly assign patients to treatments, and explanations for the usual tie score effect emphasize the common components among psychotherapies, especially the helping relationship with a therapist.
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Not Another Inventory, Rather a Catalyst for Reflection

TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the use of a modal preferences questionnaire as a catalyst to empower students to reflect on their own sensory preferences and modify their study methods accordingly.
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The nature of cognitive styles: Problems and promise in educational practice

TL;DR: The authors examined characteristic features of cognitive styles and the various ways in which styles differ from one another and from intellective abilities, and integrated these distinctions into a unified framework that serves to define cognitive styles in contrast not only to abilities but to other types of stylistic variables.
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Person-Environment Interaction: A Challenge Found Wanting Before it was Tried

TL;DR: For example, this paper pointed out that there has been more resistance to accepting the person-environment paradigm among educational psychologists than among many other psychologists, and that the most important source of resistance for educational psychologists has been an excessively restrictive definition of personenvironment interaction.