Toxoplasmosis – A Global Threat. Correlation of Latent Toxoplasmosis with Specific Disease Burden in a Set of 88 Countries
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TLDR
The precautionary principle suggests that possible role of toxoplasmosis as a triggering factor responsible for development of several clinical entities deserves much more attention and financial support both in everyday medical practice and future clinical research.Abstract:
Background: Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30–50% of the world human population. Clinically, the life-long presence of the parasite in tissues of a majority of infected individuals is usually considered asymptomatic. However, a number of studies show that this ‘asymptomatic infection’ may also lead to development of other human pathologies. Aims of the Study: The purpose of the study was to collect available geoepidemiological data on seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and search for its relationship with mortality and disability rates in different countries. Methods and Findings: Prevalence data published between 1995–2008 for women in child-bearing age were collected for 88 countries (29 European). The association between prevalence of toxoplasmosis and specific disease burden estimated with age-standardized Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) or with mortality, was calculated using General Linear Method with Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP), geolatitude and humidity as covariates, and also using nonparametric partial Kendall correlation test with GDP as a covariate. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with specific disease burden in particular countries explaining 23% of variability in disease burden in Europe. The analyses revealed that for example, DALY of 23 of 128 analyzed diseases and disease categories on the WHO list showed correlations (18 positive, 5 negative) with prevalence of toxoplasmosis and another 12 diseases showed positive trends (p,0.1). For several obtained significant correlations between the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and specific diseases/clinical entities, possible pathophysiological, biochemical and molecular explanations are presented. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with various disease burden. Statistical associations does not necessarily mean causality. The precautionary principle suggests however that possible role of toxoplasmosis as a triggering factor responsible for development of several clinical entities deserves much more attention and financial support both in everyday medical practice and future clinical research.read more
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Using Multivariate Statistics
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Food Safety in Low and Middle Income Countries
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Metagenomic Analysis of Milk of Healthy and Mastitis-Suffering Women
Esther Jiménez,Javier de Andrés,Marina Manrique,Pablo Pareja-Tobes,Raquel Tobes,Juan F. Martinez-Blanch,Francisco M. Codoñer,Daniel Ramón,Leónides Fernández,Juan M. Rodríguez +9 more
TL;DR: Human milk contains a complex microbial metagenome constituted by the genomes of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and in mastitis cases, the milk microbiome reflects a loss of bacterial diversity and a high increase of the sequences related to the presumptive etiological agents.
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Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Congenital Toxoplasmosis in the United States
Yvonne Maldonado,Jennifer S. Read,Carrie L. Byington,Elizabeth D. Barnett,H. Dele Davies,Kathryn M. Edwards,Ruth Lynfield,Flor M. Munoz,Dawn Nolt,Ann-Christine Nyquist,Mobeen H. Rathore,Mark H. Sawyer,William J. Steinbach,Tina Q. Tan,Theoklis E. Zaoutis +14 more
TL;DR: Coordinated efforts by pregnant women, researchers, physicians, and health policy makers regarding potential primary and secondary preventive measures for CT and their implementation may lead to a lower incidence of CT as well as lower morbidity and mortality rates associated with CT.
Food safety in low- and middle-income countries: What works, what doesn't and why
Delia Grace,Fred Unger,Hung Nguyen-Viet,Johanna F. Lindahl,Kohei Makita,Kristina Roesel,Michael Taylor,Ram Pratim Deka,Sinh Dang Xuan,Steve Jaffee,Silvia Alonso +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper, foodborne disease (FBD) in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is still limited, but important studies in recent years have broadened our understanding, suggesting that developing country consumers are concerned about FBD; that most of the known burden of FBD disease comes from biological hazards; and, most FBD is the result of consumption of fresh, perishable foods sold in informal markets.
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