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Disease severity has the potential to change, especially if there is virus mutation.
There is evidence that mutations of these proteins may change the pathogenicity of the new virus.
These results show that a single change in the genome can affect viral pathogenicity by altering the tropism of the virus.
Since future climate change scenarios predict higher temperatures in Europe, we should regard Puumala virus as an increasing health threat.
This could induce the RNAi pathway in the midgut prior to establishment of virus infection and profoundly change vector competence.
These data indicate that reticulate evolutionary change due to recombination in IBV, likely plays a major role in the origin and adaptation of the virus leading to new genetic types and strains of the virus.
Significance: This work represents a unique example whereby a simple Leu-Val change has critical impact on virus entry.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to directly alter the virus life cycle and virus–host interactions, and so are considered promising molecules for controlling virus infection.
These results demonstrate that although RNA viruses can exhibit high rates of mutational change under a variety of conditions, Toscana virus RNA genomes can be maintained in a stable manner during repeated transovarial virus transmission in the natural insect host.
Blocking miR-146a reduces Hendra virus replication in vitro, suggesting a role for this miRNA in Hendra virus replication.

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