How many are the human-biased enhancers used in figure7?4 answersFigure 7 in the research papers utilized a significant number of human-biased enhancers. Specifically, the studies identified over 32,000 human-specific substitutions in more than 4,300 Human Accelerated Regions (HARs) and Human Gain Enhancers (HGEs, which include enhancers with novel activities in humans). These enhancers exhibited differential activity between humans and chimpanzees, with around 30% of active HARs and HGEs showing such differences. Additionally, the research isolated the effects of 401 human-specific substitutions in HARs and HGEs, highlighting the impact of these genetic changes on enhancer activity. The findings shed light on how human-specific genetic alterations influence enhancer function and provide valuable insights into regulatory evolution in humans.
How many base pairs in actin cDNA?5 answersThe actin cDNA lengths mentioned in the abstracts are as follows: 1,357 bp, 353 bp, 1,560 bp, 1,327 bp, and 5,962 bp.
Why do more G-C pairs lead to greater stability of DNA?5 answersThe stability of DNA is influenced by the occurrence of Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) base pairs. The presence of more G-C pairs leads to greater stability of DNA. This is because G-C pairs form three hydrogen bonds, while Adenine (A)-Thymine (T) pairs only form two hydrogen bonds. The additional hydrogen bond in G-C pairs provides stronger interactions between the base pairs, resulting in increased stability. The stability of DNA is crucial for its longevity and structural integrity, especially when used as a storage medium or in the construction of DNA nanostructures. The enhanced stability of G-C pairs can be achieved by incorporating unnatural base pairs into the DNA double helices, which improves thermal stability and resistance to enzymatic digestion. Understanding the factors that contribute to the stability of DNA is important for various applications in nanofabrication, biosensing, and nanomedicine.
What nucleotide is generated from a m3c site rt-pcr mistranscription?4 answersThe nucleotide generated from a m3C site in RT-PCR mistranscription is not specified in the abstracts provided.
How the steps for testing cytotoxicityeffect of sample to cell mcf7 by using MTT method?5 answersThe MTT method is commonly used to test the cytotoxicity effect of a sample on MCF7 cells. The steps for testing cytotoxicity using the MTT method are as follows. First, the MTT assay is performed by adding the MTT reagent to the cells and incubating them for a specific period of time. The MTT reagent is reduced by the enzymes in the living cells, forming formazan dyes that give a purple color. The purple formazan crystals are then dissolved using a solvent such as DMSO. The absorbance of the dissolved formazan solution is measured using a spectrophotometer at a specific wavelength, typically 570 nm. The absorbance reading is proportional to the number of viable cells, and a lower absorbance indicates higher cytotoxicity. The results can be analyzed using statistical methods such as the Student's t-test to determine statistically significant differences.
Are purine-purine base pairing common in RNA?5 answersPurine-purine base pairing is common in RNA. Reverse Watson-Crick purine-purine base pairs, such as A:A, G:G, and A:G W:W Trans, have been identified as noncanonical base pairs in RNA. These base pairs have a characteristic C1'-C1' distance and parallel local strand orientation. They are associated with specific structural folds or functional roles in RNA. Additionally, purine-purine mispairs involving tautomerization have been suggested as a source of transversion-type mutations. The energetics of these pairing schemes have been evaluated, and pairs involving normal tautomeric forms are more likely to play a role in the mutational mechanism. In the context of the ribosomal decoding center, crystal structures have shown the presence of I·C and I·A wobble base pairs, demonstrating the occurrence of purine-purine base pairing in RNA.