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Can steel harden, when residual stresses are relieved?

Hardening (computing)

Heat-affected zone

Stress relaxation

Relaxation (physics)

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Yes, steel can harden even when residual stresses are relieved. Residual stresses play a crucial role in the hardening process of steel. Research has shown that the relaxation of residual stresses can impact the final stress state in welded structures. In the case of shot peening, which introduces compressive residual stresses to enhance mechanical properties, the relaxation of these stresses can occur over time, affecting the material's hardness. Additionally, in metal additive manufacturing processes, reducing residual stresses through thermal deviation reduction has been found to decrease residual stress levels, impacting the microstructures and mechanical properties of the steel. Therefore, while relieving residual stresses may affect the material's properties, steel can still undergo hardening processes under certain conditions.

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Journal Article•DOI Relationship between Compressive Residual Stress Relaxation and Microhardness Reduction after Cyclic Loads on Shotpeened ASTM A516 Grade 70 Steel Mohd Rashdan Isa, Omar Suliman Zaroog, Fareg Saeid Ali - Show less +2 more 01 Jan 2018-Key Engineering Materials 3 Citations	Yes, steel can harden when residual stresses are relieved. The relaxation of residual stress can lead to a reduction in hardness values due to micro-plastic strain accumulation.
Journal Article•DOI Influence of austenitisation and transformation hardening on the residual stress development of laser beam treated components made of 20MnCr5 J. Sakkiettibutra, E. N. Kamau - Show less +1 more 01 Jan 2012-Materialwissenschaft Und Werkstofftechnik 1 Citations	Yes, steel can harden when residual stresses are relieved, as demonstrated in the study on laser beam treated components made of 20MnCr5 by Sakkiettibutra and Kamau.
Open access•Proceedings Article•DOI Residual stress formation in component related stress relief cracking tests of a welded creep-resistant steel Michael Rhode, Arne Kromm, Dirk Schroepfer, Joerg Steger, Thomas Kannengiesser - Show less +4 more 01 Jan 2018 1 Citations	Yes, steel can harden when residual stresses are relieved, as high tensile residual stresses, especially in the weld metal and heat affected zone, can lead to stress relief cracking.
Journal Article•DOI Analysis of the Relaxation Process of Welding Residual Stresses Using a Combined and Nonlinear Hardening Model Hamza Khatib, Khalifa Mansouri, Zakaria Mighouar, Laidi Zahiri - Show less +3 more 31 Jul 2022-International journal on engineering applications	Steel can harden during the relaxation of residual stresses. The study combines nonlinear hardening models to analyze stress relaxation in welded structures, impacting the final stress state.

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Related Questions

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Why and how residual stress in 3d printing?5 answersResidual stress occurs in 3D printing due to the rapid heating and cooling cycles during the process, leading to quality defects such as cracks, warpage, and deformation. The intensity and distribution of residual stresses depend on the printing technology, technique, and material properties. Different factors, such as printing nozzle diameter, model shape, and shell thickness, can affect the occurrence and magnitude of residual stresses. Modeling and simulation techniques are used to estimate and predict residual stresses in 3D-printed components. These techniques involve analyzing the thermal conductivity of the polymers used, simulating the printing process, and calculating stresses, strains, and deformations. Experimental validation is often performed to verify the accuracy of the simulation predictions. Understanding and controlling residual stresses are crucial for optimizing part design and printing parameters to minimize defects and improve the functionality of 3D-printed components.

Why does compressive residual stress increase fatigue life?3 answersCompressive residual stress increases fatigue life because it optimizes the size and distribution of surface stress, leading to improved stiffness and reduced vibration amplitude, which in turn has a beneficial effect on fatigue life. Additionally, compressive residual stress reduces the tensile stresses within the material, reducing the likelihood of crack initiation and propagation, thus increasing the overall life of the part. The presence of compressive residual stress at the surface of the material is found to improve fatigue life, with varying effects on long crack and short crack propagation. Furthermore, the increase in compressive stress at the surface of the material is observed to increase the fatigue strength of welded joints, resulting in enhanced fatigue life.

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What are the causes of hardening of the body?5 answersThe hardening of the body can be caused by various factors. One cause is the formation of calcium deposits and scar tissue around key nerve areas, which gives the body a hardened feel. Another cause is the exposure to toxins, both natural and man-made, which our bodies have developed biochemical pathways to cope with over time. Additionally, the experimental investigations described in one paper suggest that loading and unloading in different directions can lead to plastic states and the development of angular points on the loading surface. These factors contribute to the hardening of the body and its ability to withstand external forces.

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