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Can urea be efficiently converted to hydrogen using non-noble metals?

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Urea can be efficiently converted to hydrogen using non-noble metals. Non-noble metal catalysts such as nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and copper have been found to play an essential role in reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of urea electrolysis . Studies have shown that multilayered nickel and copper phosphides/phosphates supported on Ni foam exhibit significant catalytic activity and stability in the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) . Additionally, novel NiMo-based nanorods have been reported as excellent catalysts for both the UOR and HER, outperforming most recently reported non-noble metal catalysts . Trimetallic nickel vanadium manganese nitride porous microspheres have also been developed as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for both UOR and HER, offering considerable energy-saving phenomena . These findings suggest that non-noble metal catalysts can effectively convert urea to hydrogen, providing a more economic and sustainable approach to hydrogen production.

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Journal Article•DOI Energy-efficient hydrogen production over a high-performance bifunctional NiMo-based nanorods electrode. Ruiqing Li, Shuxin Li, Mengjie Lu, Yaqian Shi, Konggang Qu, Yachao Zhu - Show less +5 more 09 Mar 2020 33 Citations	Yes, the paper states that urea can be efficiently converted to hydrogen using non-noble metal catalysts, specifically the Ni/Ni0.2Mo0.8N/MoO3 catalyst.
Journal Article•DOI Recent progress in non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts for urea-assisted electrochemical hydrogen production Shahab Paygozar, A. Sabour Rouh Aghdam, Erfan Hassanizadeh, Reza Andaveh, Gh. Barati Darband - Show less +4 more 01 Dec 2022-International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 7 Citations	Yes, urea can be efficiently converted to hydrogen using non-noble metals such as nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and copper.
Journal Article•DOI Cu-induced NiCu-P and NiCu-Pi with multilayered nanostructures as highly efficient electrodes for hydrogen production via urea electrolysis. Xiao Xu, Shan Jin, Hui Wang, Xuyun Wang, Vladimir Linkov, Peng Wang, Leiming Pan, Guoqiang Wang, Rong Wang - Show less +8 more 24 Oct 2022-Nanoscale	Yes, the paper discusses the use of non-noble metals (nickel and copper) as catalysts for the efficient conversion of urea to hydrogen.

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How can hydrogen be converted into electricity?5 answersHydrogen can be converted into electricity through various methods. One method is the use of fuel cells, which convert hydrogen into electricity directly. Another method is the electrolysis process, where electrical energy and water are used to produce hydrogen, which can then be converted back into electrical energy using fuel cells. Additionally, there are devices that transfer hydrogen from a storage medium to a hydrogen transfer medium, which is then used to produce electricity. These methods offer different efficiencies and characteristics. For example, the Graz cycle power plant is known for its high conversion efficiency. The alkaline-acidic ethanol electroreformer is another method that simultaneously produces hydrogen and electricity, with its performance influenced by factors such as temperature and flow rate. Overall, these various methods provide options for converting hydrogen into electricity, each with its own advantages and considerations.

What are the different sources that can be used to produce hydrogen?4 answersHydrogen can be produced from a variety of sources. Thermochemical techniques, such as gasification, liquefaction, and pyrolysis, can be used to produce hydrogen from biomass and industrial/agro-industrial processes. Fossil fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal can also be used as feedstock for hydrogen production through thermochemical conversion technologies like steam-methane reforming, oil reforming, and coal gasification. Hydrogen can also be produced from renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and bioenergy through water electrolysis, thermochemical routes, and biological routes. Additionally, hydrogen can be produced using biological sources such as microorganisms and biomass through processes like photo fermentation, dark-fermentation, and direct or indirect photolysis. Another method of hydrogen production is through sonochemical and sonoelectrochemical processes, which utilize power ultrasound to enhance water electrolysis. Finally, the photodecomposition of water-ethanol mixtures using TiO2 fibers has also been explored as a method for hydrogen production.

How to make urea and thiourea?4 answersUrea and thiourea can be synthesized using different methods. One method involves using urea as a starting material and synthesizing thiourea through high temperature calcining. Another method involves employing solvents such as 1,4-dioxane and morpholine to synthesize solvates of urea and thiourea. Additionally, a new process called the urea-calcium cyanamide method has been proposed for producing thiourea from urea and hydrogen sulfide. It is important to note that the synthesis of thiourea can also occur through fractional crystallization, where no chemical reaction takes place among the reagents employed for crystal growth. Conformational adjustments and self-assemblies of urea and thiourea derivatives have also been studied.

What are the uses of urea?2 answersUrea has various uses in different fields. In dermatology, it is used as a moisturizer and emollient to manage skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis and dry, scaly skin. Urea is also effective in treating conditions like ichthyosis, xerosis, psoriasis, onychomycosis, and tinea pedis. It can be used as a penetration-enhancing agent when combined with other medications. In the field of cardiology, certain substituted urea derivatives have been found to modulate the cardiac sarcomere and are used in the treatment of systolic heart failure, including congestive heart failure. Additionally, urea can be used to treat hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Overall, urea is a versatile compound with a wide range of applications in dermatology, cardiology, and other medical fields.

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