•What Is adipogenesis?5 answersAdipogenesis is the process by which fat-specific progenitor cells differentiate into adipocytes, which are responsible for functions such as glucose uptake, energy storage, and adipokine secretion. It is a complex network involving multiple transcription factors and signal pathways. Non-coding RNAs, including lncRNA, miRNA, and circRNA, have been found to play regulatory roles in adipogenesis by interacting with proteins, DNA, and RNA. Adipogenesis is important in understanding the development of adipocytes and its implications in obesity and related diseases. It is also a key process in regenerative medicine, as adipose-derived stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes and have potential applications in personalized medicine. The molecular mechanisms involved in adipogenesis are being studied to identify therapeutic targets for obesity and to find efficient and safe anti-obesity ingredients. Comparative studies on in vitro models of human and mouse adipogenesis provide insights into the cell-to-cell variability during this process.
What is adipose tissue?4 answersAdipose tissue is a complex metabolic organ that plays important roles in energy storage, mobilization, and regulation of various physiological functions. It is richly innervated and vascularized, secretes signaling molecules, and expresses a wide range of receptors, making it responsive to metabolic, endocrine, and immunological cues. Adipose tissue contains diverse cell types, including adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), which have the potential to differentiate into various cell lineages and hold promise for regenerative medicine. Dysfunction of adipose tissue has been implicated in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, highlighting its crucial role in systemic metabolic health. Adipose tissue can also be targeted for gene delivery using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, with AAV8 and Rec2 serotypes showing high efficiency in transducing both brown and white fat. Overall, adipose tissue is a dynamic and multifunctional organ with significant implications for health and disease.
How does insulin regulate adipose tissue?5 answersInsulin regulates adipose tissue by activating the insulin receptor (INSR), which consists of two isoforms: INSR-A and INSR-B. INSR-A is expressed in less-differentiated cells and has a mitogenic effect, while INSR-B is mostly expressed in adult tissues and has metabolic properties. The tissue-specific variation in INSR-A/INSR-B ratio can contribute to the development of metabolic abnormalities. Insulin also regulates the expression of clock genes in adipocytes and adipose-derived stem cells, suggesting a role in circadian clock regulation in adipose tissue. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in adipose tissue by translocating glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular storage sites to the cell surface. This process involves the activation of PI3K and the phosphorylation of various proteins, including ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Insulin directly regulates circadian clocks in adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes, contributing to feeding-induced adipose tissue clock entrainment. Insulin also inhibits intracellular triglyceride lipolysis and regulates fatty acid esterification, glycerol and triglyceride synthesis, lipogenesis, and possibly oxidation in adipose tissue.
What are the angiogenic motifs?5 answersAngiogenic motifs are important sequences within peptides that are required to exert anti-angiogenic activity. The sequence VHHQKLVFF has been identified as a potent anti-angiogenic motif. Additionally, the steric hindrance between alkyl chains and a rigid framework contributes to a high barrier to isomerization, which is important for angiogenesis modulation. Polypeptides with at least 80% sequence identity to specific sequences have also been found to be useful for modulating angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is a complex process influenced by multiple angiogenic factors that influence various events within a cascade of pathways. The mature vascular system is composed of a network of blood vessels, including arteries, capillaries, and veins, which are composed of endothelial cells surrounded by smooth muscle cells.
Does VEGF stimulate angiogenesis?10 answers
When is angiogenesis good for the body?10 answers