Are there chitosan and beta-glycerophospathe spheres?5 answersChitosan and beta-glycerophosphate spheres have been developed in various studies. A study by Logan R. Boles et al. fabricated a thermo-responsive, injectable chitosan paste incorporating beta-glycerophosphate, demonstrating its potential as an adjunctive infection prevention tool. Additionally, Annalisa Dalmoro et al. optimized a thermo-gelling chitosan/β-glycerophosphate system for use as an injectable system that can modulate the release of active ingredients, showing promise for sustained release applications. Furthermore, Subramanaian Rajarajan et al. designed clarithromycin nasal mucoadhesive microspheres using chitosan and beta-cyclodextrin, highlighting the potential of these spheres for respiratory tract infections. These studies collectively showcase the versatility and potential applications of chitosan and beta-glycerophosphate spheres in drug delivery systems.
Why cyclodextrin is linked to nanoparticles and used as sensors?5 answersCyclodextrin is linked to nanoparticles and utilized in sensors due to its exceptional molecular recognition capabilities, biocompatibility, and ability to enhance the functionality of nanomaterials. Cyclodextrins possess a hydrophobic cavity that selectively retains molecules, while their hydrophilic exterior aids in improving dispersibility and molecular recognition. These properties make cyclodextrins ideal building blocks for creating effective supramolecular architectures, including sensors for detecting various small molecules through colorimetric, fluorescence, and electrochemical responses. Furthermore, cyclodextrin-coated nanoparticles have been extensively used in environmental analysis for sensing trace pollutants, as they enhance target recognition, solubility, and detection performance of sensors, thereby offering a simple, rapid, and cost-effective approach for environmental monitoring. Additionally, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges have shown promise in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and biosensors, due to their stability, controlled release properties, and molecular targeting techniques.
What's cyclodextrin used in?5 answersCyclodextrins have versatile applications in various industries. They are extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as excipients to enhance drug solubility, stability, bioavailability, and taste masking. Cyclodextrins are also employed in the food and beverage industry for flavor encapsulation, preservation, and controlled release of bioactive compounds. In addition, they play a vital role in fields such as agriculture, cosmetics, environmental remediation, and separation sciences. Cyclodextrins are used in water treatment for the efficient removal of contaminants from industrial wastewater through host-guest interactions. They can form inclusion complexes with lipophilic molecules, leading to the development of supramolecular systems for site-specific drug delivery and controlled release. Cyclodextrins also have the potential to interact with proteins and modify their functions, making them potential therapeutic agents for disorders such as Niemann-Pick type C disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, cyclodextrins can be embedded in electrospun nanofibers for biomedical applications, enhancing drug encapsulation and release profiles.
What are the properties of sulfunated chitosan?5 answersSulfated chitosan has increased solubility in water and the appearance of peaks at 1111 cm-1, indicating the presence of the C-O-S group. Water-soluble sulfated chitosan derivatives are bio-degradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. Sulfated chitosan retains the crosslinking capacity and antibacterial properties of chitosan, and it shows antibacterial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Sulfonated chitosan has sulfonate groups attached to both the amine and hydroxyl groups of chitosan, and it shows lower thermal stability compared to chitosan. Chitosan sulfate has improved binding capacity and ion-exchange adsorption properties with proteins, making it a potential material for protein separation and purification.
What are the latest in cyclodextrin inclusions?5 answersCyclodextrins have been extensively studied for their ability to form inclusion complexes with various compounds, including pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the case of pesticides, β-cyclodextrins have been shown to form 1:1 inclusion complexes with chlorpropham, monuron, and propanil, resulting in improved hydrolysis or degradation of these compounds. For PAHs, different cyclodextrins, such as β-, hydroxypropyl-β-, and sulfobutylether-β-CD, have been used to enhance the solubility of 9-fluorenone, a common PAH, through the formation of inclusion complexes. Additionally, cyclodextrin-based copolymers and cyclodextrin-containing polysaccharides have been investigated as adsorbents for micropolluted water environments, showing promising performance due to the selective interaction of cyclodextrin units with a wide range of molecules. These recent studies highlight the potential of cyclodextrins in the field of inclusion chemistry and environmental remediation.
Why chitosan dissolve in acidic condition?5 answersChitosan dissolves in acidic conditions because it is a weak base and the presence of acid helps to protonate the amino groups on the chitosan molecule, increasing its solubility in water. The solubility of chitosan is restricted to acidic media, and it can only be dissolved in weak acidic aqueous solutions. The degree of deacetylation (DA) of chitosan also affects its solubility, with higher DA leading to lower solubility. Aqueous HCl has been found to dissolve more chitosan compared to acetic acid, but incomplete dissolution and the formation of aggregates can still occur. Overall, achieving a "true" solution of chitosan requires a compromise between maximum solubilization and minimum degradation, with factors such as composition and average DA influencing the completeness of dissolution.