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How are waves generated from wind?

Longitudinal wave

Infragravity wave

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Waves are generated from wind through the transfer of energy from the wind to the water surface. The wind's energy is transferred to the water in the form of potential energy resulting from the displacement of the wave's crest and trough above and below the still-water surface, as well as the kinetic energy of the circular motion of water particles within the wave . The process of wave generation involves the turbulent airflow over an initially calm water surface, which leads to the growth of wave fluctuations over time under the turbulent wind forcing . As the wave fluctuations grow, the temporal growth behavior of the surface elevation variance transitions from linear growth to exponential growth . At the late stage of simulation, when the wave amplitude is significant enough to alter the airflow field, surface waves exhibit nonlinearity . The nonlinear effects in the generation of surface waves can reduce the growth rate of the waves and lead to equilibrium amplitude waves .

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Book Chapter•DOI Wave generation by wind John A. T. Bye, Alexander V. Babanin - Show less +1 more 01 Jan 2009 8 Citations	The paper discusses three main physical processes involved in wave generation by wind: direct input from the wind, nonlinear transfer between wavenumbers, and wave dissipation. However, it specifically focuses on the direct input from the wind.
Open access•Posted Content•DOI Evolution of Wave Characteristics during Wind-Wave Generation 04 Aug 2022	The paper provides a wave phase-resolved direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the turbulent airflow over an initially calm water surface that responds dynamically to the wind forcing. It reveals the evolution of the surface wave statistics over the entire wind-wave generation process. However, it does not explicitly explain how waves are generated from wind.
Book Chapter•DOI Wind-generated waves Robin G.D. Davidson-Arnott 01 Dec 2009	Wind-generated waves are created when energy from the wind is transferred to the water surface, resulting in a vertical displacement of the water. The waves are characterized by crests and troughs and travel in the direction of the wind.
Evolution of Wave Characteristics during Wind-Wave Generation Tianyi Li, Liquan Shen - Show less +1 more 04 Aug 2022	The paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of wind-wave generation. It reveals that waves are generated as wave fluctuations grow with time under turbulent wind forcing.

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