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How can accountability be measured in an public organization? 


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Accountability in a public organization can be measured through various dimensions such as transparency, control, responsibility, and responsiveness . It is essential to consider the individual perception of accountability to assess the effectiveness of formal public sector accountability mechanisms . Additionally, the concept of an accountability 'deficit' or 'overload' highlights the challenges in defining benchmarks and mapping out accountability mechanisms within a system . In the context of public sector procurement spending, accountability can be viewed from an accounting, functional, and accountability system perspective, emphasizing the need for clear mechanisms and operational standards for accountable behavior . Overall, measuring accountability in a public organization involves evaluating these dimensions, individual perceptions, and addressing challenges in defining benchmarks and accountability mechanisms.

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Accountability in public organizations can be measured proportionately and progressively through accounting, functional, and accountability system perspectives, transitioning from a broad to a narrow concept for public sector expenditure.
Accountability in a public organization can be measured through controls at the organizational level, providing explanations to internal and external stakeholders for assessing and evaluating organizational actions.
Accountability in public organizations can be measured through felt relational accountability, assessing the account holder's legitimacy and expertise, as validated in the study.
Accountability in a public organization can be measured through dimensions like transparency, control, responsibility, and responsiveness, as highlighted in the research on e-procurement in Banten Province.
Measuring accountability in public organizations involves addressing deficits and overloads, defining benchmarks, and mapping out accountability mechanisms within the governance regime to ensure transparency and integrity.

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