What is the definition of sound energy in physics?5 answersSound energy in physics refers to the energy associated with the vibration of matter, specifically in the form of acoustic energy. This energy can be harnessed and converted into useful forms, such as electric energy, through mechanisms like the piezoelectric effect. Acoustic energy can also be utilized to generate phonons for activating implanted species, offering a more efficient activation process with lower thermal budgets. In the realm of acoustics, sound is perceived as small rapid changes in air pressure above and below atmospheric pressure, with associated energy flow in the form of longitudinal waves propagating through the medium. Furthermore, the concept of sound energy level has been introduced to quantify the total energy radiated by transient sound sources, complementing the traditional sound power level measurements.
What is Lighthill's theory of sound emission?5 answersLighthill's theory of sound emission is based on an analogy of sound radiated by fluctuating monopole, dipole, or quadrupole sound sources. According to Lighthill's theory, sound sources in a free flow can be distinguished in terms of monopoles, dipoles, and quadrupoles. The volume flow itself is irrelevant for monopole sound generation, and it is the variation in time of the volume determined by the fluctuating mass flow that generates sound. Lighthill's source term for aerodynamic sound generation can be expressed in terms of the squares of the vorticity and the principal rates of strain of the sound-generating fluid. These represent local monopole source regions, with the sound emission associated with pressure minima at vortex cores and pressure maxima in regions between colliding vortices. Lighthill's theory provides a framework for understanding and predicting the pressure signals emitted from various sources, including tornadoes.
What is noise?3 answersNoise is a term used to describe unwanted sound that can have negative effects on individuals. It can cause psychological effects such as depression and irritability. Noise is experienced as a state of crowding and confusion, making it difficult for individuals to tolerate and organize their experience. In acoustics, electronics, and physics, sound and noise are used interchangeably, but when applied to listeners, noise is defined as unwanted sound. Noise can have various effects on human health and function, including hearing loss, nonauditory health effects, and interference with communication and sleep. Unwanted sound can prevent people from performing at their maximum ability, interfere with their leisure activities, and result in increased nervous tension and damage to the audio-sensory mechanism.
Why derivative of a signal amplifies the noise in controller?3 answersThe derivative of a signal amplifies the noise in a controller due to several factors. First, multiple derivations can increase noise levels, as pointed out by some researchers. Second, the generation of noise during multiple derivations needs to be studied and the level of these noises estimated. Additionally, the use of digital control systems, which are becoming more prevalent, can contribute to the amplification of noise during signal derivation. Furthermore, the use of low noise amplifiers in signal amplification can also be affected by noise, as seen in the case of a low noise amplifier controlling device for GPS reception. Overall, the amplification of noise in a controller when using the derivative of a signal is a complex issue that requires careful consideration and analysis.
Why derivative of a signal amplifies the noise in PID controller?5 answersThe derivative of a signal amplifies noise in a PID controller because of the impact of high-frequency noises on the actual differential. The introduction of the derivative term in a PID controller can improve the dynamic performance of the system, but it is susceptible to the influence of high-frequency noises. The noise injection in a PID controller is mainly caused by the parasitic resistance and inductance of the output capacitor, which degrades the phase margin during large-signal transients. The derivative term in a PID controller significantly alters the output of the system in the presence of noise, leading to undesirable instability. Therefore, to mitigate the noise amplification, alternative approaches such as using a differential with filtering function or integrating the Kalman Filter with the PID controller have been proposed.
Who is CEO of noise company?8 answers