How does the ionization effect the biological action?
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Ionizing radiation causes damage to biological objects through both direct and indirect effects. Direct effects occur when ionizing radiation directly interacts with biomolecules, causing damage to vital intracellular biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and other cellular components . Indirect effects occur when ionizing radiation interacts with intracellular water, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, which ultimately cause oxidative stress and damage to cells and tissues . The damage caused by ionizing radiation can result in various pathophysiological diseases, including inflammation, immunosuppression, and cancer . Additionally, ionizing radiation can have non-target effects, such as the bystander effect, abscopal effect, adaptive response, and genomic instability, which involve complex processes induced in irradiated cells and transmitted to neighboring cells and the whole body . Overall, ionizing radiation has the potential to cause significant biological damage through its direct and indirect effects on biomolecules and cellular processes .
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22 May 2023 | The paper discusses the effects of ionizing radiation on biomolecules, including proteins. It mentions that ionizing radiation can directly ionize biomolecules or indirectly cause damage through the formation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals. However, it does not provide specific details on how ionization affects the biological action. |
| The paper discusses the mechanisms of biological damage caused by ionizing radiation, including DNA damage, cell death, organelle damage, and alterations in the cellular immunity response. | |
01 Jun 2019 | The paper states that the biological effect of ionizing radiation results from both direct and indirect action of radiation. However, it does not specifically explain how ionization affects the biological action. |
| The paper explains that ionizing radiation can cause damage to mammalian cells by creating ionizing events along charged particle tracks. The damage is most significant when the spacing of these events matches the mean chord length of DNA segments. The paper also proposes a model to define the biological effectiveness of ionizing radiation based on the mean free path for linear primary ionization. |
Related Questions
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What are effects of exposure to ionising radiation?4 answersExposure to ionizing radiation can have various effects on the human body. It can cause damage to vital biomolecules, leading to multiple cellular and tissue damage, as well as pathophysiological diseases such as inflammation and immunosuppression. Additionally, ionizing radiation can induce non-target effects, such as the abscopal effect, adaptive response, bystander effect, and genomic instability. The direct and indirect action of ionizing radiation on proteins can result in the formation of free radicals and defective sites within the protein structure. Long-term exposure to ionizing radiation, even below dose limits, has been associated with increased levels of certain blood biomarkers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and eosinophils, which can have subsequent health effects, including cancer. The effects of ionizing radiation can vary depending on the dose received, with high doses causing immediate tissue and organ damage, known as acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Biological dosimetry, including monitoring radiation-induced changes in various biological parameters, is being explored as a means to assess radiation exposure and its effects.
What are the effect of ionizing radiation?5 answersIonizing radiation has various effects on different biological systems. It can improve the shelf life of food products without significantly affecting their physicochemical properties. Gamma radiation has been shown to be a safe and effective method for disinfecting cultural heritage objects without causing significant changes in their color and morphological properties. Ionizing radiation has been confirmed to have oncogenic effects on biological systems, and there are pharmacologic countermeasures that can mitigate these effects. Exposure to ionizing radiation can have detrimental effects on human health, particularly on the fetus and human embryo, leading to consequences such as cancer, malformations, growth retardation, and impaired brain function. In terms of male reproductive health, ionizing radiation can cause DNA damage, decrease sperm motility and morphological normality, and increase genetic fragmentation and methylation of genomic DNA.
How does ionized molecules affect their collisional cross-section?5 answersIonized molecules can affect their collisional cross-sections in various ways. One study found that the dissociative cross sections of neutral molecules scale linearly with the target electric static polarizability, while the non-dissociative cross sections exhibit a saturation effect for large target polarizabilities. Another study focused on the ionization of hydrogen by a bare proton and found that the main contribution to the cross section comes from "hidden crossings" of potential energy curves in the complex internuclear coordinate plane. Additionally, the presence of bound metal ions can modulate the response of electrosprayed proteins and protein complexes to collisional excitation, affecting the extent of collision-induced unfolding and dissociation. Understanding these effects is crucial for predicting and interpreting collision cross sections in various applications, from atomic and molecular physics to discharges, plasmas, and planetary atmospheres.
Ionization techniques for analyse biomolecule?5 answersIonization techniques for analyzing biomolecules include atmospheric ionization methods, such as direct analysis at real time (DART) and modifications on electrospray ionization (ESI). Nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI) is another technique that enables the analysis of large, intact biomolecules. Additionally, capillary isoelectric focusing-capillary zone electrophoresis (cIEF-CZE) can be coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) for 2D separation and improved resolving power. Other techniques that require no sample preparation or extraction prior to mass analysis include direct analysis in real time (DART), desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI). Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and spray ionization are two technological advances that have enhanced the specificity and applicability of mass spectrometry for analyzing biomolecules.