How does Startosphere affect the Boreal Summer Intrasesasonal oscillation?5 answersThe Stratosphere plays a crucial role in influencing the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO). Studies have shown that the BSISO's initiation and propagation are impacted by various factors, including the background moisture gradient over the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) domain. Additionally, air-sea coupling, particularly through the interaction between the atmosphere and ocean, affects the simulation and forecasting of BSISO, with coupled models showing improved fidelity in capturing the BSISO variability and propagation patterns. Furthermore, the Pacific sea surface temperature background states have been identified as a determinant of the BSISO propagation mode, with El Niño (La Niña) conditions favoring specific propagation patterns, ultimately influencing the intraseasonal variability of extreme rainfall events during the South Asian Summer Monsoon season.
What are the historical records and scientific understanding of the North Atlantic Oscillation?5 answersThe North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has been a significant mode of atmospheric variability for centuries, influencing weather and climate in the North Atlantic-European region. Historical records show that the NAO's spatial structure and impacts over Europe have varied over time, with notable changes in the 1960s to 1990s and a subsequent reversal in trends. Studies have highlighted the importance of understanding past NAO evolution to enhance future predictability, with recent research pointing to complex interactions between the NAO, solar activity, and other North Atlantic modes of variability. The NAO's behavior is not solely determined by external forcings, as internal variability may also play a significant role in its shifts and patterns over time. This evolving scientific understanding underscores the multifaceted nature of the NAO and its implications for climate dynamics and forecasting.
What are the mechanisms governig the the variability of the Atlantic Nino?4 answersThe variability of the Atlantic Niño is governed by several mechanisms. One important mechanism is the role of atmospheric convectively coupled Kelvin waves (CCKWs) in triggering Atlantic Niños. These CCKWs propagate eastward from South America and induce surface zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, leading to changes in the east-west slope of the thermocline and the development of Atlantic Niño. Another mechanism is the impact of the Atlantic Niño on the sea-air CO2 exchange. It has been observed that the Atlantic Niño enhances CO2 outgassing in the central tropical Atlantic and weakens it in the western tropical Atlantic. This is primarily driven by changes in surface salinity and sea surface temperature, respectively. Additionally, the Atlantic Niño has a teleconnection with the tropical Pacific, where an eastward propagating atmospheric Kelvin wave from the Atlantic, through the Indian Ocean, to the Pacific is the primary pathway for the Atlantic-to-Pacific teleconnection. The orography and land friction effects over the Maritime Continent play a crucial role in this teleconnection.
How the stormdynamic in the north atlantic developed in the past?5 answersThe storm dynamics in the North Atlantic have undergone changes in the past. Over the past 4000 years, the dominant latitudinal position of the storm track has shifted from a southern position to higher latitudes, likely driven by a change in atmospheric circulation patterns. The North Atlantic jet stream (NAJ) has also shown variations over the past millennium, with late 20th- and early 21st-century NAJ variations likely not unique relative to natural variability. In the western Caribbean, tropical cyclone activity peaked at 1650 A.D. and gradually decreased until the end of the record in 1983, with the mean track of Cape Verde tropical cyclones shifting northeastward over the last 450 years. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a major source of variability in winter atmospheric circulation, and a reconstruction spanning the past millennium suggests that positive NAO conditions were dominant during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The temporal variability of coastal storms in the North Atlantic Basin has shown decadal scale variability, with some forecasts predicting higher frequencies of tropical storms in the coming decades.
Does ENSO impact the precipitation over mediterranean region (northern africa or southern europe)?5 answersENSO does impact precipitation over the Mediterranean region. The Euro-Mediterranean sector experiences significant interannual variability in rainfall influenced by ENSO, with spatially coherent correlation patterns found in different seasons. The impact of ENSO on European rainfalls is likely to depend on the concurrent state of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In particular, ENSO impacts European wintertime rainfalls most significantly during positive phases of the PDO. The Mediterranean California Border Region (MCBR) also shows a relationship between ENSO and rainfall, with strong ENSO events having the highest ENSO-rainfall correlation, especially during wet seasons. Overall, ENSO has a significant influence on precipitation over the Mediterranean region, with variations in impact depending on the specific location and season.
What was the climate like during the Atlantic period?4 answersThe climate during the Atlantic period was characterized by dramatic fluctuations and variability. The last glacial period experienced millennial-scale alternations between cold stadial conditions and milder interstadial conditions, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations, as well as periods of massive iceberg discharge called Heinrich events. The North Atlantic region experienced the largest and most rapid changes in climate during this time, with changes in ice sheets, sea ice margins, and sea-surface temperature. Climate reconstructions suggest that large-magnitude, multidecadal internal variability was a robust feature in the North Atlantic region over the past 1,200 years. The Eemian interglacial period in the North Atlantic was characterized by rapid transitions between warm and cold periods on timescales of just a few decades. These findings suggest that the climate during the Atlantic period was highly variable and subject to rapid changes.