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How does the temperature affect the performance of Carnot batteries?

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The temperature plays a crucial role in influencing the performance of Carnot batteries. Different studies have highlighted this impact. For instance, a study on a Carnot battery utilizing water as the working fluid found that optimizing parameters like adiabatic efficiency and terminal temperature difference can lead to a maximum round-trip efficiency of 0.438 . Another research focused on a high-temperature thermal storage system using phase change material and graphite emphasized the importance of temperature in determining the cost-effectiveness of the system . Additionally, the establishment of theoretical models for Carnot batteries with various working fluid pairs demonstrated that the thermal storage temperature significantly affects the levelized cost of storage, with lower temperatures leading to more economical performance . These findings collectively underscore the critical role of temperature in shaping the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of Carnot batteries.

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Proceedings Article•DOI Thermodynamic Calculation and Optimal Design of Steam Carnot Battery 11 Nov 2022	Temperature influences Carnot battery performance; optimizing parameters like adiabatic efficiency, terminal temperature difference, and heat exchange efficiency can enhance round-trip efficiency to 0.438 at specific values.
Journal Article•DOI Exergoeconomic optimization and working fluid comparison of low-temperature Carnot battery systems for energy storage Ru-Ling Fan, Huan Xi - Show less +1 more 01 Jul 2022-Journal of energy storage 14 Citations	The temperature influences Carnot battery performance non-monotonically, with the highest exergy efficiency achieved by the HFO-1336mzz(Z)-R245fa fluid pair at 19.88% efficiency.
Proceedings Article•DOI Thermodynamic Calculation and Optimal Design of Steam Carnot Battery Peng Sun, Xiaojie Lin - Show less +1 more 11 Nov 2022	Temperature affects Carnot battery performance; optimizing parameters like adiabatic efficiency, terminal temperature difference, and heat exchange efficiency can lead to a maximum round-trip efficiency of 0.438.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Carnot Battery Based on Brayton Supercritical CO2 Thermal Machines Using Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy as a Low-Temperature Source José Ignacio Linares, Eva Herreros Arenas, María José Montes, Alexis Cantizano, J. R. Perez-Dominguez - Show less +4 more 02 May 2023-Energies	Temperature significantly impacts Carnot battery performance. The proposed system utilizes different temperature levels for low and high-temperature storage, enhancing efficiency and achieving a round-trip efficiency of 1.15.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Design and Evaluation of a High Temperature Phase Change Material Carnot Battery Rhys Jacob, Ming Sheng Liu - Show less +1 more 24 Dec 2022-Energies	Temperature affects Carnot battery performance; a high temperature phase change material Carnot battery design with graphite and liquid sodium achieved efficiency. Cost can decrease with reduced graphite and steel costs.

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