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How is lc3-II create?

Autophagosome maturation

Autophagosome membrane

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LC3-II is created through post-translational modifications of LC3-I. LC3-I is a cytosolic form of LC3, while LC3-II is membrane-bound . The C-terminal fragment of LC3 is cleaved immediately after synthesis to produce LC3-I . A fraction of LC3-I is then converted into LC3-II, which associates with autophagosome membranes . LC3-II is formed by the conjugation of LC3-I to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) . This modification is similar to the ubiquitylation process, involving enzymes Apg7p and Apg3p . Other mammalian homologues of yeast Atg8, such as GABARAP and GATE16, also generate LC3-II and associate with autophagosomal membranes . The amount of LC3-II is correlated with the extent of autophagosome formation .

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Open access•Journal Article•DOI LC3, GABARAP and GATE16 localize to autophagosomal membrane depending on form-II formation. Yukiko Kabeya, Noboru Mizushima, Noboru Mizushima, Akitsugu Yamamoto, Satsuki Oshitani-Okamoto, Yoshinori Ohsumi, Tamotsu Yoshimori - Show less +6 more 01 Jun 2004-Journal of Cell Science 1.3K Citations	LC3-II is created through a series of steps involving post-translational modifications. LC3-I is first cleaved to form LC3-II, which is then conjugated with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to become the LC3-PE conjugate.
Book Chapter•DOI LC3 and Autophagy. Isei Tanida, Takashi Ueno, Eiki Kominami - Show less +2 more 01 Jan 2008-Methods of Molecular Biology 1.3K Citations	LC3-II is created during autophagy when a cytosolic form of LC3 (LC3-I) is conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine to form LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II), which is recruited to autophagosomal membranes.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing Yukiko Kabeya, Noboru Mizushima, Noboru Mizushima, Takashi Ueno, Akitsugu Yamamoto, Takayoshi Kirisako, Takayoshi Kirisako, Takeshi Noda, Takeshi Noda, Eiki Kominami, Yoshinori Ohsumi, Yoshinori Ohsumi, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Tamotsu Yoshimori - Show less +13 more 01 Nov 2000-The EMBO Journal 6.2K Citations	LC3-II is created by the removal of the C-terminal 22 amino acids from newly synthesized LC3, followed by the conversion of a fraction of LC3-I into LC3-II.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI LC3-positive structures are prominent in autophagy-deficient cells. Gautam Runwal, Eleanna Stamatakou, Farah H. Siddiqi, Claudia Puri, Ye Zhu, David C. Rubinsztein - Show less +5 more 12 Jul 2019-Scientific Reports 199 Citations	LC3-II is created by the conjugation of cytosolic LC3-I to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the surface of nascent autophagosomes.

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