What is significant epitopes in IHNV?5 answersInfectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) epitopes of interest have been identified through immunoinformatics approaches. Studies have focused on epitopes that can elicit immune responses crucial for vaccine development. Notably, the identification of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and B cell epitopes in viral glycoproteins is essential. These epitopes interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, indicating their potential in generating immune responses. Additionally, the study of epitopes derived from the gp120 protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) highlights the importance of bioinformatics tools in selecting immunogenic peptides for vaccine design. Furthermore, the identification of novel epitopes of anti-neuraminidase (NA) antibodies in influenza viruses aids in improving vaccine efficacy. Collectively, these findings underscore the significance of epitope identification in enhancing immune responses against viral pathogens.
What are all papers describing epitope mimics of the ccp2 peptide for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis?5 answersEpitope mimics of the CCP2 peptide for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis have been described in multiple papers. Khatri et al. developed a fibrinogen-derived 21-amino-acid-long citrullinated peptide that showed high reactivity toward autoantibodies in RA samples. Moten et al. investigated the bacterial peptide L-ASNase67-81, which mimics the immunodominant T-cell epitope CII259-273, and found that it can induce T-cell reactivity in blood samples from RA patients. Levesque et al. discussed the use of anti-CCP tests, including the second-generation anti-CCP test (anti-CCP-2), which employs a proprietary citrullinated cyclic peptide. Jinyun et al. provided an invention related to a CCP peptide segment and its application in improving the clinical detection specificity of anti-cyclic citrulline peptide antibody in the diagnosis of RA. Pratesi et al. described a new viral citrullinated peptide, VCP2, derived from the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded protein EBNA-2, which showed potential as a substrate for ACPA detection.
How many epitopes are there on the sars-cov-2 spike protein?4 answersThere are a total of 23 distinct epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
What are the epitopes in norovirus?4 answersNorovirus epitopes have been identified and characterized in several studies. Linear B-cell epitopes have been found on the capsid proteins VP1 and VP2, including VP1 199–216, VP1 469–492, VP2 97–120, and VP2 241–264. These epitopes are conserved and have been shown to elicit specific antibody responses in individuals previously infected with norovirus. In the GII.4 genotype, evolving surface-exposed epitopes have been correlated with the emergence of new outbreak variants. Two distinct blockade antibody epitopes have been identified on the GII.3 capsid, located at residues 385-400 and 401-420 of the VP1 capsid protein. A conformational epitope within the P domain of the capsid protein has been identified, composed of 11 amino acids, including R397 and D448. Nanobodies have also been used to probe functional epitopes on the norovirus capsid, with binding sites identified on the top, side, and bottom of the protruding domain.
Do proteins from wall cell could be potential epitopes for vaccines?5 answersProteins from the cell wall could potentially be epitopes for vaccines. The cell surface carbohydrates of bacteria, including wall/teichoic acids, have been identified as attractive targets for vaccine development. Computational tools and databases can aid in the design of vaccines by identifying potential vaccine candidates. However, it is paradoxical that bacterial proteins known to elicit a protective immune response are relatively depleted in peptides predicted to bind to human MHC alleles. This could be due to the lack of precision of current predictive software, the low incidence of hydrophobic residues in vaccine antigens, or evolutionary pressure exerted on bacteria by the immune system. Therefore, while proteins from the cell wall may have potential as epitopes for vaccines, further research is needed to understand their role in eliciting an immune response.
Are peptide nasal sprays safe?7 answers