How to calculate the force needed to move cow manure down a pipe?5 answersTo calculate the force needed to move cow manure down a pipe, various factors need to be considered. The physical properties of cow manure, such as density and viscosity, play a crucial role in determining the force required for movement. Mathematical models can be utilized to understand the movement of manure particles within the pipe, considering factors like design parameters of the distribution machine and the material used. Additionally, numerical simulations can help in computing pressure distribution during the movement process, aiding in tracking the manure's flow within the pipeline. Furthermore, optimizing the distribution and transport of cow manure between different regions can help in efficiently managing manure flows while considering nutrient contents and land use data. By integrating these approaches, a comprehensive understanding of the force requirements for moving cow manure down a pipe can be achieved.
What is the computation time for evaluating the performance of a journal bearing?5 answersThe computation time for evaluating the performance of a journal bearing varies depending on the specific analysis being conducted. Several papers discuss the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze journal bearings. These studies utilize CFD models to simulate the behavior of the lubricant and determine parameters such as pressure distribution, load-carrying capacity, and temperature distribution. Additionally, some papers mention the use of numerical methods and calculus programs for calculating the performance of journal bearings. However, it is important to note that the computational time required for these analyses can be significant, as the models and calculations involved can be complex and time-consuming. Therefore, the computation time for evaluating the performance of a journal bearing can vary depending on the specific analysis method and complexity of the problem being studied.
How to predict morton effect in oil film bearing?5 answersThe Morton effect in oil film bearings can be predicted using various methods. One approach is to use a high-fidelity thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic model to simulate the effect. This model incorporates a transient rotor thermal bow algorithm, which predicts the entire rotor thermal bow profile using a hybrid finite element analysis. Another method is to use a transient, high-fidelity methodology that expands the scope to tilting pad gas bearing systems. This approach involves establishing three-dimensional finite element models to predict the rotor and bearing temperature and dynamic responses in the time domain. Additionally, the influence of misaligned journal bearing effects on the Morton effect can be investigated using a coupled fluid-thermal-structural finite element model. This model simulates fluid film pressures and temperatures, as well as shaft temperatures and vibrations, to determine the effect of journal misalignment on the phenomenon.
How are shear forces calculated in silos?5 answersShear forces in silos are calculated using various methods. One approach is the use of numerical modeling techniques such as the discrete element method (DEM). This method involves simulating the flow of granular materials in silos by representing the particles as spheres and capturing their interactions and movements. Another method is the use of finite element calculations with constitutive models that can reproduce the behavior of granular materials during shear localization. These calculations are performed using an explicit time integration approach and can provide mesh-independent results. Additionally, there are analytical and standard approaches to calculating shear forces in silos, such as the slice method, German standard DIN 1055, and Eurocode 1. These methods provide simplified calculations based on bulk solids' properties and can be used to estimate shear forces in silos.
What is the bearing capacity of a soil?5 answersThe bearing capacity of soil refers to its ability to support the load transmitted to it without failure. It is an important factor in civil engineering and foundation design. The bearing capacity is influenced by various factors such as soil type, water content, specific gravity, and the presence of additives like wood sawdust. The calculation of bearing capacity can be done using different methods, including the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) values as per IS code 6403. Contaminants or pollutants in the soil can negatively affect its bearing pressure and engineering characteristics. Seismic events can also significantly alter the bearing capacity of soil, leading to the concept of seismic bearing capacity. The ultimate bearing capacity of soil can be calculated using finite element and analytical methods, with the choice depending on the complexity and sensitivity of the soil profile.
How do you calculate LOI of coal?4 answersThe LOI (Loss on Ignition) of coal is calculated by conducting combustion simulations to investigate the parameters controlling the formation of unburned carbon in fly ash from coal reburning in a coal-fired boiler. LOI is generally caused by particles flowing through fuel-rich regions and/or spending insufficient residence time in the furnace. The LOI contributions from each individual coal source can be identified and quantified. The LOI from the main burners depends mainly on the availability of combustion air in the burner zone, while the LOI from the reburning jets depends on both the amount of air in the reburning jets and the available over-fire air downstream. By adjusting the air distribution, it is possible to reduce the overall LOI without adverse impacts on NOx emissions.