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How to calculate muscle torque with voltage? 


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Muscle torque can be calculated using voltage measurements by utilizing impedance sensing methods. These methods take advantage of the conductivity changes in muscles during contraction to estimate muscle-driven joint torques. One approach is to use a convolutional neural network (CNN) with input images derived from boundary voltage measurements . Another method involves using functional electrical stimulation (FES) to cause muscles to contract synthetically and then measuring the resulting torques around the joints . Additionally, a torque monitoring system can be designed using an artificial neural network (ANN) with mechanomyography (MMG) signals to derive knee torque during muscle contractions . Furthermore, a musculoskeletal biomechanical model can be developed to relate surface electromyography (sEMG) to knee joint torque, taking into account factors such as muscle activation and frequency . These methods provide non-invasive ways to measure and estimate muscle torque using voltage measurements.

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The provided paper does not provide information on how to calculate muscle torque with voltage. The paper focuses on estimating muscle forces and knee joint torque using surface electromyography (sEMG) and a musculoskeletal biomechanical model.
The provided paper does not provide information on how to calculate muscle torque with voltage. The paper focuses on the development of an algorithm to measure knee joint torques induced by electrical stimulation.
The paper proposes an impedance sensing method that uses conductivity changes due to muscle contraction to estimate muscle-driven joint torques through a convolutional neural network (CNN). The method involves deriving input images from a finite set of boundary voltage measurements.
The paper proposes an impedance sensing method that uses conductivity changes due to muscle contraction to estimate muscle-driven joint torques through a convolutional neural network (CNN). The voltage measurements are used as input images for the CNN to calculate the muscle torque.

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